Rice%20Storage%20Systems

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Rice Storage Systems

• Joe Rickman and Martin Gummert,
• Agricultural Engineering,
• International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

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Outline of today

• Discussion on storage
• Fill hermetic storage system
• Evaluate a seed store
• Determine density of different products
• Make small seed store
• Take grain samples and analysis for insects
• Discuss pest management in storage
• Set up some seed germination tests
• Seal grain ready for fumigation

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Rice production

• World 589 million tons
• Asia - 534 million tons
• Bag storage - 500 million tons
• (Total world cereal and pulse production 2,075
  million tons)

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Present situation

• Between 25-50 of the total grain value
  (quantityquality)is lost between harvest and
  consumption in developing countries

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Quantity Losses in Cambodia (88 on farm studies)
Post-harvest stage Mean () Range ()
Cutting 3.0 2.2 3.8
Transportation 3.6 2.0 5.2
Threshing 1.6 1.0 2.2
Drying 2.0 1.0 2.0
Storage 10.7 3.5 18.0
Milling 14.7 7.5 22.0
TOTAL 35.6 17.2 - 53.2
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Reasons for post harvest losses

• Poor product coming into storage
• Poor storage management
• Poor quality paddy poor milling techniques

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What is required of a good storage system

• Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain
  after drying
• Protection from insects, rodents and birds
• Ease of loading and unloading.
• Efficient use of space
• Ease of maintenance and management.

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Present on farm storage situation in Asia
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Traditional Bag Storage (Indonesia)
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Granary (Laos)
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Woven Basket ( Cambodia)
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Clay Pots (Bangladesh)
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Concrete Bin (Bhutan)
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Steel Bins (Bhutan)
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Bag storage (Philippines)
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Equilibrium Moisture Content (Philippines)
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Summarizing existing on farm storage situation

• Grain is stored in open systems in bags or open
  granaries
• Grain is exposed to insect,rodent and bird
  attacks
• High equilibrium moisture content gt14.0
• Grain is not always protected from rain

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Farmers Present Practices

1. Sell excess immediately after harvest (indebted
   or poor storage)
2. Dry grain to 10-11 before storage
3. Take grain out and re-dry during storage period
4. Store seed in sealed containers

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Present commercial storage situation in Asia
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Commercial bag storage system

• Open to atmosphere
• moisture uptake,
• pest problems
• Store in batches
• Clear headways and walkways
• Relatively easy to fumigate

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Commercial Bulk Storage

• Not popular in Asia
• Efficient use of space
• Easy to control pests?- sealed for fumigation
• Less problems with rodents and birds

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Commercial hermetic system

• Grain stored in bags
• Protected against moisture uptake and insects
• Rat and pig damage?
• Use as harvest management aid
• Need O2 monitoring
• Big potential in Tropical areas
• 5-300 metric tons

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Sealed Systems tested by IRRI
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Parameters evaluated

1. In store atmosphere (02)
2. Grain moisture content
3. Seed germination
4. Insects
5. Grain quality
6. Farmer uptake

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Storage atmosphere (0xygen level)
O2 ()
Days
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Storage atmosphere after opening
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Storage atmospherePlastic pouches (3kg)
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Moisture levels in stored grain
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Live Insect Counts (Insects/ kg)
8.4
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Germination certified seed
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On farm Storage Bangladesh(7 months)
Germination ()
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Head Rice Yields (whole kernel)
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Grain Whiteness Index
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Summary of results

• Hermetic storage
• Works for 3kg plastic bags 50ton Cubes
• Reduces insects activity (1/kg)
• Constant grain moisture content
• Increases the life of seed from 6 months to 12
  months
• Maintains milling quality,
• Protects grain from birds and rodents?
• NEXT STEP

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Adoption by farmers

• Problem
• Farmers will not share a larger storage system
• Farmers will not invest in large storage systems
• Needs to fit into existing system

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Solution- Turn 50kg bag into a hermetic system
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Characteristics needed of a storage bag

• Capacity 0.08 cubic meter (50kg)
• Low O2 permeability
• Low water vapor permeability
• High puncture strength
• High tensile strength
• Cost US 1/bag

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Plastic Liner bag

• Fits into existing system
• Reusable if not punctured
• Easily sealed
• Use for all grain crops
• Reasonable cost

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Storage at IRRI

• Seed
• Air conditioned room
• Grain
• Hermetic storage (longer than 1 month)
• Open pallets (less than 1 month)
• 50kg woven plastic bags

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Storage Hygiene

• Keep storage areas clean.
• Clean storage rooms after they are emptied
• Placing rat-traps and barriers in drying and
  storage areas. Cats deter and help control rats
  and mice
• Inspect storage room regularly to keep it vermin
  proof.
• Inspect the stored seeds once a week for signs of
  insect infestation.

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The End

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PPTW - Storage activities

• Determine density of paddy, husk, milled rice,
  bran
• Evaluate seed storage systems at IRRI
• Load and sealing 5 t hermetic storage system
• (2 groups)
• Make small seed storage system (1 per group)
• Sample seed store and set up germination test
• Sample stored grain and identify insects
• Seal grain storage system ready for fumigation

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Evaluating a seed store
Evaluating Storage Facilities