Renewable%20Energy%20Integration

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Renewable Energy Integration

• The Only Real Sensible Approach ? must be done a
  resource optimized regional level

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Overall Focus

• Current and future sources of energy
• Whats best in terms of most efficient
  combination of capital cost, land use, ecological
  footprint, material use.
• Distributed Generation
• How to improve the Grid
• Local Energy Storage

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The Business as Usual Trajectory
BP website (BP.com)
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World Energy Consumption to 2025
http//www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
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Primary energy consumed per capita
BP website (BP.com)
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Global Fossil Carbon Emissions
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming
articles
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And if we require continued Fossil Fuel usage as
transport fuel then

• Alternatives to Crude Oil must be used
• These alternatives will do incredible
  environmental damage due to the great
  inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel of
  oil.
• And of course, Coal remains the choice for
  producing the bulk of electricity

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Tar Sands
http//www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/
electric_shovels.htm
http//www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cf
m
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Oil Shale
http//nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/
896-shale_rock.jpg
http//geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid10
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Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant
Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb
Power 500 MW 100 W
Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh
Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds
Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds
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CO2 Mitigation Options
http//www.netl.doe.gov
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Carbon Sequestration Options
http//www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy
.html
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Ocean Sequestration
http//www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-ca
rb-bish.html
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Nuclear Energy Consumption a green alternative
to fossil emission
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Transportation Concerns
http//www.nei.org/http//www.nei.org/index.asp?ca
tnum2catid84
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Wind Energy
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US Wind Energy Generation
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Recent Capacity Enhancements
2006 5 MW 600
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Costs Nosedive ? Winds Success
38 cents/kWh
3.5-5.0 cents/kWh
Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal
dollars, not including tax credit
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Solar Energy
Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South
Wales
http//www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm
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Large Scale Solar Land Use Issues
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
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Small Scale Solar yes , yes ,yes
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Oceanic Energy
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Mighty Whale Design Japan
http//www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/
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Ocean Wave Conversion System
http//www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html
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Geothermal Energy Plant
Geothermal energy plant in Iceland
http//www.wateryear2003.org/en/
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Methods of Heat Extraction
http//www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html
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Global Geothermal Sites
http//www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwe
lt/img/geothe.jpg
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Bioenergy Cycle
http//www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2
.jpg
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Types of Biomass
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Landfill Gasses
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press
(2004)
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Hydrogen Economy Schematic
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Transporting Hydrogen
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One Transition Plan
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN
ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
http//www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php
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Distributed Generation as the New Power Grid
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Centralized vs. Distributed Generation
http//www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/s
tationary.htm
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Central Power Generation (today)

• Remote, Large, Expensive
• Long Distance Delivery
• Fossil Fuel Plants
• Waste Heat (Nuclear)
• Environment Unfriendly (Co2)
• Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)
• Nuclear Plants
• Waste Disposal
• Hydroelectric Plants
• Flooding
• Unreliable (2000-2003)
• 110 Grid Failures
• Cost 80-123 B./Yr
• Adds 29-45 To Electric Bill

http//www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_gener
ation.htm
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Distributed Generation

• Located next to user
• Range of energy sources
• Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables,
• Hydrogen, nuclear
• Capacity kw Mw
• Economic benefits
• Waste heat used
• Lowers fossil fuel use
• Low investment
• Power failure losses eliminated
• Environmental/ health costs reduced
• Grid costs peak/capital
• Lower electric bills  
• Flexibility of location
• Cogeneration
• Combined heat power (CHP)
• Micropower

http//www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_gener
ation.htm
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Sources of DG

• Solar photovoltaic and thermal
• Wind Turbines
• Hydroelectric (large scale and micro)
• Geothermal
• Oceanic
• Nuclear
• Fossil Fuels
• Combined Heat Power (CHP)

http//www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_gener
ation.htm
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Microturbines

• Low to moderate initial capital cost
• Fuel flexibility,
• burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane,
  biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels
  (diesel, kerosene)
• Heat released from burning the fuel also
  providing heating and cooling needs (CHP
• Extremely low air emissions
• NOx, CO, and SOx
• Continuous operating even during brownout or
  blackout

A cutaway of a microturbine 30 and 60-kilowatt
units have just one moving part a shaft that
turns at 96,000 rpm.
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Microturbine Systems
http//www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbi
nes.html
http//www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microtu
rbine.htm
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Micro-Hydro
http//www.itdg.org/?idmicro_hydro_expertise
http//www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs
46.htm
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Summary

• Solutions Exist both on small scale and very
  large scale
• We do not really have an energy crisis we do
  have an energy by fossil fuel crisis
• Transition requires leadership and courage and
  commitment a true test of humanity as a global
  entity.
• OTEC, Wind, Small Scale Solar, Snakes, Dragons,
  Hydrogen Production represents solution space