POWER SYSTEM LOSS MINIMISATION

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POWER SYSTEM LOSS MINIMISATION

• GUIDED BY PROF.B.K.RANA
• Presented By-
• Arun Kumar Samal
• 7th Semester
• Electrical Engineering
• Roll-No0401101174

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INTRODUCTION

• Importance Of Electricity
• Facts about Electricity
• Electricity Losses
• Problems In Loss Reduction
• Useful Solutions
• Conclusion
• Queries

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SOURCES OF LOSSES

• Ignorance
• Uncertainty
• Upgradation of Human Resources
• Poor Tarrif Structure
• IndisciplineABT
• Technical Joints ,Neutral Conductor Size ,Length
  Of the Line
• Energy Audit
• Energy Management
• Energy Forecast

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FACTS ABOUT ELECTRICITY

• Electrical Power cannot be stored to a large
  extent.
• The demand of power varies throughout the day and
  cannot be predicted accurately.
• Electrical Power is the optimal choice of energy
  as it can be transmitted efficiently and can be
  converted into other forms as required.
• Electricity follows the path of least resistance.

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ELECTRICITY LOSSES

• Technical Losses
• Transformer and Transmission line losses due
  to poor maintainance.
• Unbalance loading
• Losses due to overloading and low voltage.
• Losses due to poor standard of equipments.
• Low power factor at off-peak hours.
• Harmonic distortion.
• Improper Earthing at consumer end.
• Long transmission lines.

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Major Transmission losses

• Losses due to the phenomena of corona.
• Copper losses in conductors.
• Skin effect.
• Proximity effect.

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CORONA

• The phenomenon of violet glow,hissing noise and
  production of ozone gas in an overhead
  transmission line is known as corona.
• Factors affecting corona
• - atmosphere
• - conductor size
• - spacing between conductors
• - line voltage

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CORONA

• Methods of reducing corona
• -Increasing size of the conductor i.e by
  increasing the size of the conductor the voltage
  at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona
  effects are considerably reduced.This is one of
  the reasons why ACSR conductors are used.
• -By increasing conductor spacing i.e by
  increasing the spacing between the conductors the
  voltage at which corona occurs is raised and
  hence corona effects are eliminated.

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COPPER LOSSES

• What is it..
• -Copper loss is the term reffered to the
  energy which is dissipated by the resistance in
  the wire used to wind a coil in an electrical
  devices such as transformer,motors,generators and
  in transmission lines.copper losses occur due to
  the flow of currents in the conductors.Copper
  loss increases both due to the increase in
  current and the resistance of the conductor.
• Reduction of copper loss
• - Copper loss can be minimised by using
  conductors of large diametres inorder to reduce
  the resistance per unit length of the condutors.
• - The conductivity of a transmission line can
  be enhanced by using multiple insulated
  conductors.Hollow conductors can also help reduce
  he cost of transmission.

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SKIN EFFECT

• An alternating current flowing through a
  conductor doesnot distribute uniformly but tends
  to concentrate near the surface of the conductor
  i.e in ac system no current flows through the
  core and entire current is concentrated at the
  surface region causing an increase in its ac
  resistance.This phenomenon is called skin effect.
• It depends upon
• - type of material
• - frequency
• - diameter of the conductor
• - shape of the conductor
• Skin effect increases with cross
  section,permiability and supply frequency
• In practice stranded conducters are used for TD
  lines and hollow conductors for solid busbars.

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PROXIMITY EFFECT

• The inductance and, therefore, the current
  distribution in a conductor is also affected by
  the presence of other conductors its vicnity.This
  effect is known as proximity effect.
• It affects the current distribution and results
  in the resistance of the conductor and decrease
  of the self reactance.
• It is more pronounced for large conductors,high
  proximity and close proximity.
• Stranded conductors are used for reducing
  proximityeffect.

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Losses

• Commercial Losses
• Tapping(Hooking) in LT lines.
• Faulty energy metres\ unmetred
• supply.
• Errors and delay in meter reading
• and billing.
• Uneven revenue collection.

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Problems in Loss Reduction

• No energy audit.
• No segregation of losses into technical and
  commercial losses.
• Political issues.
• Lack of regular patrolling for checking the theft
  and tempering of metering.
• No transparency in metereading and billing.
• Lack of adequate investment for system
  modernisation.

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Useful Solutions

• Renewable energy sources.
• Distributed local generation.
• Availablity Based Tariff.
• Improved Power Quality.
• Demand side management.
• IT applications.
• Benchmarking.
• Employee Consumer Training.

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Renewable Energy Sources

• The World is blessed with an abundance of
  renewable energy sources e.g sunlight,water and
  biomass.
• Wind Super power It can be considered as the
  largest renewable energy sources.
• Eco-Friendly powersolar photovoltaic electricity
  can contribute significantly to reduction in
  greenhouse gas emissions from the thermal power
  plants.

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Distributed Generation

• The cost of laying transmission linesin rural
  areas cannot be recovered due to less return.
• Low tariff in agriculture and domestic sector
  leave few resources to expand or maintain the
  quality of supply.
• Distributed generation is very useful to supply
  power in rural and remote places where the long
  distribution lines result in high losses.
• It can help to reduce congestion on the power
  lines and strengthen local area transmission and
  distribution network.
• It reduces the liklihood and impact of
  large-scale power outages while smoothing output
  fluctuations from individual power systes.
• The benefits of DG over TD and its customers
  include risk management,line loss reduction and
  voltage stability support.

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Availability Based Tariff(ABT)

• It controls the frequency variations by
  penalty/reward mechanism for any deviations from
  the schedule.
• It helps to reduce gap between supply and demand
  by scheduling of every 15 minutes block.
• It takes care of merit order of dispatch
• - Maximisation of generation during
  peak load hours and
• load curtailment equal to the
  deficit of generation.
• - Backing down of generation to
  match the
• system load reduction during
  off-peak hours,
• keeping the merit order of
  dispatch in view.
• It improves grid discipline and thereby reduce
  transmission losses.

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Power Quality Problems

• The quality of power at distribution level is
  very
• bad in India (voltage deviations are more
  than
• 25 and frequency deviations gt5).
• Voltage stabilizers at consumers premises
  result
• in incremental losses and require additional
• capital cost.
• Harmonics has not been focused though it also
• increases the loss and distorts the power
  factor.

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Harmonics

• In non-linear loads, the current is of complex
  waveform due to
• dynamic characteristics of the load. The
  component of the complex
• waveform can be described as superposition
  of waveforms, called
• harmonics, having frequencies from 0 to
  infinity.
• For distribution systems which must handle a
  large percentage of
• non-linear loads, the percentage of
  harmonic currents can be very
• high.
• switch-mode power supplies, PWM converters,
  voltage source
• converters, fluorescent lighting with
  electronic ballasting,
• computers are the major sources of
  harmonics current.
• About 58 of all power used can have harmonic
  currents
• overloading transformers, capacitors and
  other components on the distribution system.

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Harmonics

• The additional current will increase losses in
  wire, bus bars,
• transformers and power factor correction
  capacitors used in
• the distribution system.
• The additional heating caused by each of the
  harmonic
• currents of high frequencies.
• Harmonic current will cause voltage distortion
  and low power
• factor.
• Due to harmonic current the use of line filters
  before a drive
• will add more losses to the electrical
  system and could create
• line ringing and large voltage transients.

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Reduction of Harmonics

• Preventive solutions
• - Phase cancellation or harmonic control in
  power
• converters by line reactors or isolation
  transformers.
• - Developing procedures and methods to
  control,
• reduce of eliminate harmonics in power
  system
• equipment
• Remedial solutions
• - Use of filters(passive active filters)
• - Circuit detuning which involves
  reconfiguration of
• feeders or relocation of capacitor banks
  to overcome
• resonance

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Demand Side Management

• Systematic utilization of energy
• Maximizing efficiency
• Balancing supply and demand at consumer level
• Improve economic development
• Involve environment friendly power and reduce
• energy bills
• Energy conservation
• Energy audit

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DSM by consumer training

• Consumer can be trained for
• - Shifting of energy use to off-peak hours
• - Energy conservation
• - Efficient choice and utilization of
  electric
• appliances
• - Standards, quality and performance
• evaluation of domestic electric equipments
• - Energy audit

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IT Applications

• Integrated inventory and billing system
• Customers profiling
• Data mining
• Load survey data and network analysis of
• HT systems
• Geographical Information System (GIS) and
• Customer Relationship Management

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Benchmarking

• Benchmarking is a collaborative learning process
  among a group of companies to
• - focus on specific operating practices,
• - compare measures and results
• - identify improved processes
• within their organizations
• Benefits of Benchmarking
• - Promoting competition
• - Performance evaluation
• - Coordinated tariff
• - Improving power quality and productivity
• - Maximizing efficiency

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Employee Training

• Employees training should be conducted on
• a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge
• Survey of UP Discoms shows that there is a
• pressing need for training of employees at
• all level and in all fields of the electric
• distribution company.
• Employees also have much interest in IT
• applications in power sector

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Employee training.

• Employees can be taught for
• - Overview of the electric system
  operations
• including engineering criticality
  and quality.
• - Awareness of Reforms program- APDRP
• - Simulation tools
• - Energy audit
• - Energy management system
• - Management information system
• - Finance and Accounts

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Government Initiatives

• Accelerated Power Development and Reform
• Programme (APDRP)
• - Full metering, energy audit and MIS,
  control
• of theft.
• - Increase in transformation capacity.
• - Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems
  analysis and
• reconfiguration.
• - Reduction of technical losses

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Initiatives by Delhi (BSES and NDPL)

• Installation of electronic meters at
  sub-transmission
• and distribution level.
• Replacement of faulty meters
• Computing Aggregated technical and commercial
• (ATC) losses
• Consumer indexing
• Improving billing and payment mechanism
• Introducing an LT less distribution system
• Improving quality of power
• Customer care centres
• Training employees

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THANK YOU
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ANY QUERIES ???