DNA in Genealogy

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DNA in Genealogy

• R.E. Butler
• Apr 9/2005

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Presentation Outline

• No. Slides
• DNA Basics 4
• DNA Testing for Genealogy 7
• Sample Results Maps 5
• Sample Data Base Screens 5
• References 2

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Human Cell (The Incredible Machine)Chromosome
Mitochondrial DNA
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DNA Structure (Human Genome Project) Double
Helix with Bases A,T,C,G
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DNA Digital Codesidentical in every cell

• Mitochondria 15 thousand A,T,C G
• mtDNA Inherited from mothers only
• Chromosomes 3 billion A,T,C G
• C1-22 2 X,Y for males
• C1-22 2 X,X for females
• Y is from fathers only
• Digital Coding Protein Coding Junk DNA
• Y genealogy tests Use data from the Junk.

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Y Chromosome Markersblairgenealogy.com/dna/dna101
.html
Testing the Y-Chromosome The Y-Chromosome has
definable segments of DNA with known genetic
characteristics. These segments are known as
Markers. These markers occur at an identifiable
physical location on a chromosome known as a
Locus. Each marker is designated by a number
(known as DYS), according to international
conventions. You will often find the terms Marker
and Locus used interchangeably, but technically
the Marker is what is tested and the Locus is
where the marker is located on the chromosome.
Although there are several types of markers used
in DNA studies, the Y-Chromosome test uses only
one type. The marker used is called a Short
Tandem Repeat (STR). STRs are short sequences of
DNA, (usually 2, 3, 4, or 5 base pairs long),
that are repeated numerous times in a head-tail
manner. The 16 base pair sequence of
"gatagatagatagata" would represent 4 repeats of
the sequence "gata". These repeats are referred
to as Allele. The variation of the number of
repeats of each marker enables discrimination
between individuals.
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Reading the Y Chromosome Resultsblairgenealogy.co
m/dna/dna101.html
The table below is a shortened version of the
actual table used to show our DNA test results.
It shows 12 of the 25 markers that most of the
participants had tested.
The numbers (1-12) across the top of the table
are the marker numbers. They have no significance
other than as an easy way to refer to the marker.
Note FamilyTree DNA refers to these numbers as
Locus. The second set of numbers across the top
of the matrix are DYS (the actual marker names).
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DNA Testing Labs (part 1)http//genealogy.abou
t.com/od/dna_testing/
African AncestryFind out whether your maternal
or paternal line has African ancestry with tests
from this DNA service. AncestrybyDNACompany
offers a genetic DNA test geared toward deep
ancestry - determining your percentages of
African, Indo European, Native American, and East
Asian ancestry. Family Tree DNAThis DNA testing
service includes a surname-based reconstruction
program to help you connect with relatives when
the conventional paper trail ends. Probably the
most popular genealogy DNA testing
service. GeneTreeGeneTree Inc. offers
genealogists a variety of testing services to aid
in reconstructing and validating family
relationships through DNA including mtDNA
analysis, Y-chromosome testing, and Native
American ancestry verification.
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DNA Testing Labs (part 2)http//genealogy.abou
t.com/od/dna_testing/
JewishGen - Genealogy By GeneticsThis service is
dedicated to helping genealogists find lost
relatives when the paper trail ends and the brick
wall takes its place. They use a cheek scraping
to obtain a DNA sample that can help accurately
determine a relationship to another
individual. Molecular Genealogy Research
ProjectFormerly known as the BYU Molecular
Genealogy Project, this genealogical genetic
database project is being conducted by the
Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation.
Individual DNA testing for personal use is not
offered. Oxford AncestorsOffers DNA based
genealogy services. One test interprets your deep
maternal ancestry, linking you - if your roots
are in Europe - to one of seven women. Relative
GeneticsOne of the top genetic testing labs for
genealogists, Relative Genetics offers Y-line and
mtDNA testing for individuals and can also help
organize a family or surname DNA project.
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Cost ComparisonFamily Tree DNA vs Oxford
Ancestors
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Test Procedure

• Sample
• Sample kit like a tooth brush in a container
• Rub inside of your cheek
• Mail to laboratory
• Biochemical analysis
• Purification
• Amplify with PCR
• Sequence Determination
• Analysis of Sequences

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