Nature,%20nurture,%20and%20human%20diversity

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Nature, nurture, and human diversity

• Chapter 3

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Environment

• Every nongenetic influence, for prenatal
  nutrition to the people and things around us.

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Behavior genetics

• The study of the relative power and limits of
  genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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Chromosomes

• Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
  contain the genes.

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DNA

• A complex molecule containing the genetic
  information that makes up the chromosome.

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Genes

• The biochemical units of heredity that make up
  the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of
  synthesizing a protein.

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Genome

• Complete instructions for making an organism,
  consisting of all that genetic material and that
  organisms chromosomes.

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Identical twins

• Twins who develop from a single fertilized eggs
  that splits into, creating to genetically
  identical organisms.

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Fraternal twins

• Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs.
  They are genetically no closer than brothers and
  sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

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Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity.

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Heritability

• Proportion of variation among the individuals
  that we can attribute to genes. The heritability
  of a trait may vary, depending on the range of
  populations and environment study.

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Interaction

• The effect of one factor (such as environment)
  depends on another factor (such as hereditary).

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Molecular genetics

• A subfield of biology that studies the molecular
  structure and function of genes.

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Evolutionary psychology

• The study of the evolution of behavior in the
  mine, using principles of natural selection.

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Natural selection

• The principle that among the range of an
  inherited trait variation, those that lead to
  increased reproduction and survival will most
  likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

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Mutation

• A random error in gene replication that leads to
  a change.

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Gender

• In psychology, the biologically and socially
  influenced characteristic by which people define
  male and female.

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Culture

• The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values,
  and traditions shared by a group of people and
  transmitted from one generation to the next.

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Norm

• Understood rule for excepted and expected
  behavior. Norms prescribe proper behavior.

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Personal space

• The buffer zone we like to maintain around our
  bodies.

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Individualism

• Giving priority to ones own goals over group
  goals and defining ones identity in terms of
  personal attributes rather than group
  identifications.

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Collectivism

• Given prior to the goals of ones group in
  defining ones identity accordingly.

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Aggression

• Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt
  someone.

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X-chromosome

• Sex chromosome found in both men and women.
  Females have two X. chromosomes males have one.
  And X-chromosome from each parent produces a
  female child.

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Y-chromosome

• Sex chromosome found only in males. When paired
  with an ex-chromosome from the mothers, it
  produces a male child.

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Testosterone

• The most important of the male sex hormones.
  Both males and females have it, but the
  additional testosterone males stimulates the
  growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and
  development of the male sex characteristics
  during puberty.

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Role

• a set of expectations norms about a social
  position, defining how those in the position
  ought to behave.

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Gender role

• A set of expected behaviors for males and for
  females.

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Gender identity

• Ones sense of being male or female.

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Gender typing

• The acquisition of a traditional masculine or
  feminine role.

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Social learning theory

• The theory that we learned social behavior by
  observing and imitating by being rewarded or
  punished.

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Gender schema theory

• The theory that children learn from their
  cultures a concept of what it means to be male
  and female and that they adjust their behavior
  accordingly.