LIS651%20lecture%202%20mySQL%20and%20PHP%20mySQL%20functions

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LIS651 lecture 2mySQL and PHP mySQL functions

• Thomas Krichel
• 2007-04-01

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today

• Today I talk about
• arrays and table (again, since this causes
  problems)
• some basic mySQL commands
• a PHP interface to mySQL called mysqli
• Today you do
• create a table with phpmyadmin
• write PHP scripts to read/write data to the table
  using the web

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arrays and tables

• Arrays seem to cause the most confusion in
  student understanding.
• An array is just a way for PHP to address
  multiple things as one variable.
• Arrays can be of multiple dimensions.
• This is typically the case when the array
  represents the contents of a table.

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example

• Here is an example table
• name type brewer rating price
• Bruch Festbock dark Bruch good 1.18
• Balitka 8 wheat Baltika good 0.88
• Budweiser light A.-B. lousy 0.99
• typically, records appear in lines and fields in
  columns.

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one way to set out the table

• beers0'name''Bruch Landbock'
• beers0'type''dark'
• beers0'brewer''Bruch
• .
• beers2'price'0.99
• Here, records are a numeric array. Fields are
  string arrays that are members of the numeric
  array.
• What instruction would improve the rating of
  Budweiser?

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another way

• beerarray( 'name'gt 'Bruch Landbock',
  typegt'dark', 'brewer'gt 'Bruch',
  'rating'gt'good', pricegt'1.18')
• beersbeer
• beerarray( 'name'gt'Budweiser', typegt'light',
  'brewer'gt'A.-B.', 'rating'gt'lousy',
  pricegt0.99)
• beersbeer
• This will give the same array as before.

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yet another way, as a matrix

• namesarray('Bruch Landbock', 'Baltika
  8','Budweiser')
• typesarray( 'dark', 'wheat', 'light' )
• brewersarray( 'Bruch', 'Baltika', 'A.-B.')
• ratingsarray( 'good', 'good', 'lousy')
• pricesarray(1.18,0.88,0.99)
• beersarray( names, types,brewers,ratings,
  prices)
• What instruction would improve the rating of
  Budweiser?

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another way to set out the table

• namesarray('Bruch Landbock', 'Baltika
  8','Budweiser')
• typesarray( 'dark', 'wheat', 'light' )
• brewersarray( 'Bruch', 'Baltika', 'A.-B.')
• ratingsarray( 'good', 'good', 'lousy')
• pricesarray(1.18,0.88,0.99)
• beersarray( 'name'gtnames, 'type'gttypes,
  'brewer'gt brewers, 'rating'gtratings,
  'price'gtprices)
• What instruction would improve the rating of
  Budweiser?

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using mySQL

• mySQL server is installed on wotan.
• It is a daemon that deals with client requests.
• There is also a tty client installed. To use it
  you log into wotan and type
• mysql -u user -p
• and then you type in your password.
• We will cover this in the last lecture.

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uppercase and lowercase

• Traditionally SQL commands are written with
  uppercase.
• mySQL commands are really case-insensitive.
• But variable names in the commands are
  case-sensitive. I will therefore write them in
  lowercase.

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CREATE DATABASE

• CREATE DATABASE a mySQL command to create a new
  database.
• Example
• CREATE DATABASE newbase
• creates a database newbase.
• You have no privileges to create a database.
• But I dont see the reason you wanting to do that.

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GRANT

• This is a command to create users and give them
  privileges. A simplified general syntax is
• GRANT privileges ON item TO user_name
• IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION
• If you use WITH GRANT OPTION, you allow the user
  to grant other users the privileges that you have
  given to her.

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user privileges I

• SELECT allows users to select (read) records from
  tables. Generally select is a word used for read
  in databases.
• INSERT allows users to insert new rows into
  tables.
• UPDATE allows users to change values in existing
  table rows.
• DELETE allows users to delete table rows
  (records)
• INDEX allows user to index tables

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user privileges II

• ALTER allows users to change the structure of the
  database.
• adding columns
• renaming columns or tables
• changing the data types of tables
• DROP allows users to delete databases or tables.
  In general, the word drop refers to deleting
  database or tables.

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user privileges III

• CREATE allows users to create new databases or
  tables. If a specific table or database is
  mentioned in the GRANT statement, users can only
  create that database or table, which will mean
  that they have to drop it first.
• USAGE allows users nothing. This is a useful
  point to start with if you just want to create a
  user.

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REVOKE

• This is the opposite of GRANT.

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current setup

• As the super user, I did
• CREATE DATABASE user_name
• GRANT ALL ON user_name TO user_name IDENTIFIED BY
  'secret_word' WITH GRANT OPTION
• Here
• user_name is your wotan user name
• secret_word is your secret word
• ALL means all rights

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create a web user

• You do not want to give the same access rights to
  people coming in from the web as you have.
• You do not want to do this. You personally have
  too many privileges.
• I have yet to find out how you can create a web
  user by yourself.

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creating tables

• This is done conveniently in phpmyadmin.
• Here is an example for real SQL code
• CREATE TABLE customers (customer_id INT UNSIGNED
• NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name
• CHAR(50) NOT NULL, address CHAR(100) NOT NULL,
  email CHAR(40), state CHAR(2) NOT NULL)

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column data types

• TINYINT can hold a number between -128 and 127 or
  between 0 to 255. BIT or BOOL are synonyms for
  the TINYINT.
• SMALLINT can hold a number between -32768 and
  32767 or 0 and 65535
• INT can hold a number between -231 and 231-1
  or between 0 and 232-1. INTEGER is a synonym
  for INT.
• BIGINT can hold a number between -263 and
  261-1 or between 0 and 264-1.

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column data types float

• FLOAT is a floating number on 4 bytes
• DOUBLE is a floating number on 8 bytes
• DECIMAL(x,y) where x is the number of digits
  before the decimal point and y is the number of
  digits after the decimal point.

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column data types dates

• DATE is a day from 1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31.
• TIME is a time from -8385959 to 8385959
• DATETIME is a date and time, usually displayed as
  YYYY-MM-DD HHMMSS
• TIMESTAMP is the number of seconds since
  1970-01-01 at 0 hours. This number may run out in
  2037.

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field options

• PRIMARY KEY says that this column is a the
  primary key. There can be only one such column.
  Values in the column must be unique.
• AUTO_INCREMENT can be used on columns that
  contain integer values.
• NOT NULL requires the field not to be empty.

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USE

• USE database tells mySQL to start working with
  the database database.
• If you have not issued a USE command, you can
  still address a table table by using
  database.table, where datebase is the name of
  your database and table is the name of your
  table. You are using the dot to link the two
  together.

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addressing database tables columns

• Let there by a database database with a table
  table and some column column. Then it is
  addressed as database.table.column.
• Parts of this notation can be left out if it is
  clear what is meant, for example if you have
  issued USE database before, you can leave out the
  database part.

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INSERT

• INSERT inserts new rows into a table. In its
  simples form
• INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, value2, ..)
• Example
• INSERT INTO products VALUES ('','Neufang
  Pils',1.23)
• Note that in the example, I insert the null
  string in the first column because it is an
  auto_increment.
• Mark Sandford says If you use an auto_increment
  variable, you may as well have it last.

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partial INSERT

• If you are only giving a part of a record, or if
  you want to enter them in a different order you
  will have to give a list of column names.
• INSERT INTO products (name,id) VALUES ('Neufang
  Pils','')

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SELECT

• This is the SQL statement to select rows from a
  table. Here is the full syntax
• SELECT options columns INTO file_details
• FROM table WHERE conditions
• GROUP BY group_type
• HAVING where_definitions
• ORDER BY order_type LIMIT limit_criteria
• PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)
• lock_options

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columns to SELECT

• You can have a comma-separated list of columns
• SELECT name, price FROM products
• You can use the star to get all columns
• SELECT FROM products

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WHERE condition to SELECT

• means equality
• WHERE id 3
• gt, lt, gt, lt and ! also work as expected
• IS NULL tests if the value is null
• IS NOT NULL
• IN allows you to give a set
• WHERE state IN ("NY","NJ","CT")

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SELECT using multiple tables

• table1,table2 can be used to join both tables to
  build a big table that can be searched
• SELECT orders.id FROM customers, orders
• WHERE customers.id 3
• This type of join is a Cartesian product aka a
  full join. For each row of the first table, it
  adds rows from the second table.

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ORDER

• You can order by a field by saying ORDER BY.
• You can add ASC or DESC to achieve ascending or
  descending order.
• SELECT name, address FROM customers ORDER BY name
  ASC

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LIMIT

• This can be used to limit the amount of rows.
• LIMIT 10 19
• This is useful it web sites where you show a
  selection of the results.
• This ends the discussion of the SELECT command.

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UPDATE

• UPDATE LOW_PRIORITY IGNORE table SET
  column1expression1, column2expression2...
  WHERE condition ORDER BY order_criteria
  LIMIT number
• This changes values in a row.
• An example is
• UPDATE students SET email 'phpguru_at_gmail.com'
• WHERE name'Janice Insinga'
• IGNORE instructs to ignore errors.
• LOW_PRIORITY instructs to delay if the server is
  busy.

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DELETE

• DELETE LOW_PRIORITY QUICK IGNORE FROM table
  WHERE condition ORDER BY order_criteria
  LIMIT number
• Here is a very bad example
• DELETE FROM customers
• Here is a good example
• DELETE FROM customers WHERE
• customer.name'Thomas Krichel

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PHP mySQL functions

• We are using here the new version of PHP mySQL
  function, starting with mysqli_
• The interface is object-oriented, but can also be
  accessed in a non-object-oriented way. This is
  known as the procedural style, in the
  documentation.
• You should use the online documentation at
  http//php.net/mysqli

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error suppression

• The function mentioned in this library usually
  report any error that has occurred.
• It can be useful to suppress such errors with the
  PHP error suppression operator _at_.
• _at_function() will run the function function
  without reporting mistakes.
• You can then create your own customized mistakes
  by checking for errors every time you run a
  mysqli function. This is useful.

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mysqli_connect()

• This is used to establish a connection to the
  mySQL server. It is typically of the form
  mysqli_connect('host', 'user', 'password')
• Example
• link mysqli_connect('localhost','boozer','heinek
  en')
• You can use localhost as the host name for wotan
  talking to itself, but you could also connect to
  other Internet hosts, if you have permission.

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the mySQL connection with mysqli

• The mysqli module has the ability to handle
  several connections to the mySQL server.
• Once a connection is established it is
  represented by the variable returned by
  mysqli_connect().
• This variable, of type "resource" has the be
  referenced later to let mysqli functions know
  what connection you are using, because there may
  be more than one open at the same time.

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mysqli_connect_error()

• This function returns a string with the last
  connection error.
• link mysqli_connect("localhost", "bad_user",
  "")
• if (!link) print "Can't connect to localhost.
  The error isltbrgt"
• print mysqli_connect_error()
• print "ltbr/gt"
• Note the use of ! to express Boolean "not".

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mysqli_error( link )

• This function return the error from the last
  mySQL command. It returns false if there was no
  error.
• errormysqli_error(link)
• if(error)
• print "mySQL error errorltbr/gt"
• This function requires the connection as a
  parameter.
• The value returned from that function is a simple
  string.
• It is a good idea to check out error messages.

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mysqli_select_db()

• This command has the syntax mysqli_select_db(link,
  'database') where link is a resource representing
  a connection and database is the name of a
  database.
• This tells mySQL that you now want to use the
  database database.
• mysqli_select_db(link,'beer_shop')
• It has the same effect as issuing
• USE beer_shop
• within mySQL.

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mysqli_query()

• mysqli_query(link,query) send the query string
  query to mySQL connection represented by link
• link mysqli_connect("localhost", "owner",
  "bruch")
• // you may then add some connection checks
• query"SELECT FROM beer_shop.customers"
• resultmysqli_query(link,query)
• Note that the query itself does not require a
  terminating semicolon.
• The result is in result.

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result of mysqli_query()

• For SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE or EXPLAIN mySQL
  queries, mysqli_query() returns a resource that
  can be further examined with mysqli_fetch_array()
  . This is very important function that we look at
  in the next slide.
• For UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, DROP and others,
  mysqli_query() returns a Boolean value.

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examining resulting rows

• mysqli_fetch_array(result) returns an array that
  is the result row for the resource result
  representing the most recent, or NULL if it the
  last result is reached. Its results in an array
  that contains the columns requested both by
  number and by column name
• while(columnsmysqli_fetch_array(result))
• print 'name '.columns'name'
• print 'first column .columns0

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examining a specific result

• mysqli_data_seek(result, number) sets the array
  that is returned by mysqli_fetch_array to a
  number number.
• while(rowmysqli_fetch_array(result))
• print 'first column '.row0
• mysqli_data_seek(result,0)
• // otherwise the second loop would not work
• while(rowmysqli_fetch_array(result))
• print 'first column '.row0

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mysqli_num_rows()

• This command has the syntax mysqli_select_db(resul
  t) where the resource result is the result of a
  query.
• It returns the number of rows that are in the
  result.
• This is useful in announcing the number results
  before display of results.

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mysqli_real_escape_string()

• mysqli_real_escape_string( link,string) returns a
  string escaped for the using in mySQL.
• name"John O'Guiness"
• s_namemysqli_real_escape_string(link,name)
• print s_name // prints John O\'Guiness
• Note that this function makes a call to mySQL,
  therefore a connection must be established before
  the function can be used.
• This function guards against SQL injections.

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mysqli_close(link)

• This command closes a connection. It requires the
  connection as an argument, so that it knows which
  connection to close.
• This is the happiest command there is, because it
  means that we have finished.
• Unfortunately it is not used very often because
  the mySQL connection is closed automatically when
  the script finishes running.

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extra sha1()

• This is a function that calculates a combination
  of 40 characters from a string.
• The result of sha1() can not be translated back
  into the original string.
• This makes it a good way to store password.
• s_passwordsha1(password)

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• Thank you for your attention!
• Please switch off machines b4 leaving!