Marine%20Science%20Thomas%20F.%20Greene

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Marine Science Thomas F. Greene

• Marine Biology and Oceanography Lesson Plans

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Lesson 1Aim What is marine science?

• (1) The Earth is called the water planet. The
  ocean occupies 71 of Earths surface.
• Marine science is a body of knowledge about the
  ocean, which is comprised of marine biology and
  oceanography.
• Marine biology is the study of life in the ocean.
  Oceanography is the study of the physical
  characteristics of the ocean which include
  temperature, pressure, light, sound, and ocean
  movements.
• Marine science is an interdisciplinary science
  containing a mix of other sciences including,
• Biology the study of living organisms
• Chemistry the study of matter in it molecular
  form
• Physics the study of energy and forces in the
  marine world
• Geology the study of the physical structure of
  Earth
• Meteorology the study of weather
• Astronomy the science of outer space

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Chapter 1 Exploring the Oceans

• When you have completed this
• chapter, you should be able to
• Explain what happened to the Titanic when it hit
  the iceberg.
• Discuss some of the important people and
  discoveries in the field of oceanography.
• Describe some of the important events and
  developments in the history of ocean exploration.

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Lesson 2Aim Why did the Titanic sink?

• CH 1 SECTION 1-1 THE UNSINKABLE SHIP
• The sinking of the Titanic in the North Atlantic
  in 1912 was among the worst human disasters that
  ever occurred at sea. Shipbuilders described the
  Titanic as unsinkable. Out of 2,224 people who
  set sail on the ship, 1,513 drowned.
• Archimedes Principle is Used to Explain Why Ships
  Float
• (2) The Greek scientist Archimedes (287 212
  B.C.) discovered that floating objects are
  supported by an upward force called buoyancy and
  that (1) the buoyant force on any object is equal
  the weight of the liquid that the object
  displaces, or pushes aside, and, (2) a body
  immersed or sunk in a liquid seems to lose
  weight. The apparent loss in weight is equal to
  the weight of the liquid displaced. These
  observations are part of Archimedes Principle.
• (3) A steel ship floats because it is constructed
  with many air-filled compartments. The Titanic
  sunk because the air filled compartments filled
  up with water after a collision with the iceberg.
  The added weight of the water and the weight of
  the ship became greater than the buoyant force
  supporting the ship, causing the ship to sink.
• (4) An object will sinks when the weight of the
  object is greater than the buoyant force that
  supports the object. An object floats when its
  weight is less than the buoyant force supporting
  the object.

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Lesson 3Aim What is known about the early
ocean explorers and navigators?

• CH 1 SECTION 1-2 VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
• Since the early times, oceans were used for
  transport and travel. Merchants found that it
  was often cheaper to transport cargo by sea than
  by land. The oceans became a highway for trade.
• Early Boats
• The earliest boats were log rafts and canoes made
  from trees. The first sailing vessels were made
  about 3000 B.C. Powered by winds, a sailboat
  could move faster and travel farther than any
  other types of small boats.
• A sense of adventure and the opportunity to
  expand trade motivated the early explorers and
  navigators to search for new lands.
• (4) By the middle of the eighteenth century, much
  was known about the geography of the ocean.
  However, scientific knowledge of the ocean was
  lacking. How deep is the sea? What causes ocean
  currents? What natural resources does the oceans
  contain?

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MAP OF EARLY NAVIGATORS
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Lesson 4Aim What do we know about the early
scientific exploration of the ocean?

• CH 1 SECTION 1-3 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION
• Scientific information on ocean depth, ocean
  currents, and winds had been collected by ships
  at sea in the middle of the 1800s. Countries
  began to mount ocean expeditions devoted
  exclusively to gathering information in a
  scientific way.
• By the early 1900s, a new device called sonar
  (sound navigation ranging), was used to map the
  ocean floor.
• Following WWII, the study of the oceans expanded
  rapidly. Many countries launched their own
  oceanographic vessels often cooperating in joint
  efforts. Oceanographic research laboratories
  were built and staffed by marine biologists and
  oceanographers to study and gain more information
  about the oceans.

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SONAR SOUND NAVIGATION AND RANGING

• Echo Sounding uses sound
• waves to bounce off the ocean
• floor

• Multi-beam Bathymetry is based
• on the fact that more beams are
• better than one.

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CH 1 SECTION 1-4 EXPLORING INNER SPACE

• Tools Used to Explore the Ocean
• The earliest records of underwater exploration
  occurred when the ancient Greeks, using newly
  developed glass, made crude face masks to dive
  for ornamental shells.
• One of the earliest devices for staying
  underwater is the diving chamber, a huge barrel
  containing a limited supply of air.
• Later came the diving suit, made of watertight
  canvas with a heavy metal helmet or hard hat.
  Air was pumped from the surface through a tube
  and into the helmet. Eventually the scuba tank
  (aqua-lung) was invented.
• Aquanauts use scuba gear to explore the ocean.
  Exploring the ocean in scuba has its limitations.
  The average depth of the ocean is 3600 meters.
  The deepest dive by a scuba diver is 132 meters.
  Scuba divers cannot explore the deepest parts of
  the ocean because of the crushing effects of
  pressure.

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DIVING EQUIPMENT

• Traditional Diving Suits

• Modern Diving Suits

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CH 1 SECTION 1-5 FINDING THE TITANIC

• Submersibles, Robots, and Sonar
• (1) The effects of pressure and the short air
  supply limits the depths attained by scuba
  divers.
• (2) A steel hulled underwater vehicle that is
  designed for underwater research is called a
  submersible. The thick steel hull of a
  submersible and its greater air supply enables it
  to make deeper dives than with scuba.
• (3) A bathysphere was one the first submersibles
  used to explore the bottom of the Mariana Trench
  (10,852 meters). Modern submersibles such as the
  Alvin submersible, have been used extensively to
  study the ocean floor.
• (4) An unmanned vehicle called a robot is used to
  explore the deepest parts of the ocean. The
  robots, Argo and Jason were used to take
  photographs of the Titanic.
• (5) Ships use sonar or sound waves to determine
  ocean depth and to locate objects on the sea
  floor. Sonar stands for sound navigation and
  ranging.
• (6) The combination of sonar and robots enabled
  the American-French team of Robert Ballard and
  Jean-Louis Michel to locate the Titanic in 1985
  in 3600 meters of water.

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SUBMERSIBLES