International and Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior

1
International and Cross-Cultural Organizational
Behavior

2
Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture

• Power Distance
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Individualism/Collectivism
• Masculinity/Femininity
• (Time Orientation - Short vs. Long)

3
HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS
Power Distance
low
high
Easy interaction of people from different
backgrounds
Limited interaction between low-status and
high-status individuals
Uncertainty Avoidance
low
high
Greater ease in unstructured, unpredictable
situations
Avoidance of unstructured, unpredictable
situations
Individualism
Collectivism
primary concern for interests of the larger group
Primary concern for self and family
Masculinity
Femininity
emphasis on assertiveness, competitiveness,
material success
Emphasis on good working conditions, security,
feelings, intuition
4
Time Orientation

• Short-Term Orientation means that people expect
  fairly rapid feedback from decisions, expect
  quick profits, frequent job evaluations and
  promotions, etc.

5
Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture

• US Jap Fra Chil Tai WAfr Mex Ger
• PD 40 54 68 63 58 77 81 35
• UA 46 92 86 86 69 54 82 65
• I/C 91 46 71 23 17 20 30 67
• M/F 62 95 43 28 45 46 69 66
• TO 29 80 30 - (118) 16 -
  31
• (China)

6
Other Cultural Characteristics

• Language
• Religion
• Space (Personal)
• Time Orientation (monochronic vs. polychronic)

7
Communication Context

• Communication may be used primarily to exchange
  information (low-context) or primarily to build
  social relationships (high-context)
• Some other cultures pay more attention to the
  social context of communication than does U.S.
  culture (e.g., Asian and Arab countries)

8
Selection and Preparation of Managers for Jobs
in Other Countries

• Expatriates Employees who live and work in
  another country
• Must be culturally flexible and easily adapt to
  new situations and
• ways of doing things
• Personality
• Training

9
Cross Cultural Training Techniques

• Direct Instruction about the country
• Language Instruction
• Case Analyses
• Sensitivity Training
• Field Experience with U.S. subcultures