Universiti Utara Malaysia

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Universiti Utara Malaysia

• Information Technology For Managers
• (TM 5013)
• Prepared For
• Assoc Prof Azizi Zakaria
• Prepared By
• Choong Han Wei 85984
• Mohamad Izwan Abdul Bari 85986
• Azizi 85983

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Topics

• User Interface of the Future
• Most computers today use a graphical user
  interface. Next generation user interfaces will
  be more natural and human centric, meaning they
  will ne enable people to interact with a computer
  using human like communication methods.
  Developments in this area include gesture
  recognition,3-D interfaces, and neural
  interfaces. With gesture recognition, the
  computer will detect human motions. Computers
  with this type of user interface will have the
  capability of recognizing sign language, reading
  lips, tracking facial movements, and following
  eye gazes. Imagine rotating a window or object to
  read its flipside, switching from a desktop view
  to panoramic view, or tacking sticky notes right
  on a Web screen. All these scenarios will be
  possible with the upcoming 3-D user interfaces.
  Neural interfaces may help quadriplegic people
  gain independence with everyday activities, such
  as maneuvering wheelchairs and typing. These
  systems use a tiny chip with sensors implanted on
  the brain and external computers that convert
  brainwaves into output signals the person can
  control.

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Introduction of User Interface

• User Interface
• is the aggregate of means by which people (the
  users) interact with a particular machine,
  device, computer program or other complex tool
  (the system).
• The user interface provides means of
• Input, allowing the users to manipulate the
  system
• Output, allowing the system to produce the
  effects of the users' manipulation.

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Sample of interface

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History of User Interface

• Batch interface, 1945-1968
• Command-line user interface, 1969-1983
• Graphical user interface, 1984 to present

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Batch Interface

• Batch interface, 1945-1968
• Batch interfaces are non-interactive user
  interfaces, where the user specifies all the
  details of the batch job in advance to batch
  processing, and receives the output when all the
  processing is done. The computer does not prompt
  for further input after the processing has
  started.

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Batch Interface

• Features
• In the batch era, computing power was extremely
  scarce and expensive.
• The largest computers of that time commanded
  fewer logic cycles per second than a typical
  toaster or microwave oven does today, and quite a
  bit fewer than today's cars, digital watches, or
  cell phones.
• User interfaces were, accordingly, rudimentary.
• Users had to accommodate computers rather than
  the other way around user interfaces were
  considered overhead, and software was designed to
  keep the processor at maximum utilization with as
  little overhead as possible.
• The input side of the user interfaces for batch
  machines were mainly punched cards or equivalent
  media like paper tape. The output side added line
  printers to these media. With the limited
  exception of the system operator's console, human
  beings did not interact with batch machines in
  real time at all.

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Sample of interface for Batch Interface
IBM 029 card punch
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Command-line user interface,

• Command-line user interface, 1969-1983
• A command line interface or CLI is a method of
  interacting with a computer via a text terminal.
  Commands are entered as lines of text (that is,
  sequences of typed characters) from a keyboard,
  and output is also received as text. CLIs
  originated when teletype machines were connected
  to computers in the 1950s. In terms of immediate
  interaction and feedback, they represented an
  advance over the use of punch cards

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Command-line user interface

• Features
• CLIs are most often used by programmers and
  system administrators, especially in Unix-based
  operating systems in engineering and scientific
  environments and by a smaller subset of
  technically advanced home users.
• CLIs are also popular among people with visual
  disability.
• In its simplest form, a CLI displays a prompt,
  the user types a command on the keyboard and
  terminates the command (usually with the Enter
  key), and the computer executes the command,
  providing textual output.
• Unlike a button or menu item in GUI, a command
  line is typically self-documenting, stating
  exactly what the user wants done.
• In addition, command lines usually include many
  defaults that can be changed to customize the
  results.
• Command-line commands can be saved by assigning a
  character string or alias to represent the full
  command, or several commands can be grouped to
  perform a more complex sequence -- for instance,
  compile the program, install it, and run it --
  creating a single command, called a command
  procedure These advantages mean that a user has
  to figure out a command or series of commands
  only once, because they can be saved to use again.

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Sample interface
Screenshot of the MS-DOS command line interface.

• Screenshot of a sample Bash session, taken on
  Gentoo Linux.

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Graphical user interface

• A graphical user interface (GUI) is a particular
  case of user interface for interacting with a
  computer which employs graphical images and
  widgets in addition to text to represent the
  information and actions available to the user.
  Usually the actions are performed through direct
  manipulation of the graphical elements.

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Sample Of GUI
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Evolution

• Evolution of graphic user interfaces
• The GUI familiar to most of us today is either
  the Macintosh or the Windows operating systems.
  Their applications originated at the Xerox Palo
  Alto Research Laboratory in the late 1970s.
• Apple used it in their first Macintosh computers.
  Later,
• Microsoft built on many of Apple's ideas in their
  first version of the Windows operating system for
  IBM-compatible PCs.

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Systems that support GUIs

• Examples of systems that support GUIs are Mac OS,
  
• Linux,
• Microsoft Windows,
• NEXTSTEP,
• X Window System.

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Features Of Future Interface

• Virtual Reality
• Head-Mounted Display
• 3D user interfaces
• Zooming User Interface
• Gesture Recognition
• Multipoint Touch screen
• Tangible User Interface
• Artificial Intelligence
• Sound Voices

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Virtual Reality

• Virtual Reality is a technology which allows a
  user to interact with a computer-simulated
  environment.
• Most virtual reality environments are primarily
  visual experiences, displayed either on a
  computer screen or through special stereoscopic
  displays, but some simulations include additional
  sensory information, such as sound through
  speakers or headphones.
• advanced and experimental systems have included
  limited tactile information, known as force
  feedback.
• Users can interact with a virtual environment
  either through the use of standard input devices
  such as a keyboard and mouse
• The simulated environment can be similar to the
  real world, for example, simulations for pilot or
  combat training, or it can differ significantly
  from reality, as in VR games

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Virtual Reality


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Head-Mounted Display

• Short for head-mounted display, a headset used
  with virtual reality systems.
• An HMD can be a pair of goggles or a full helmet.
  In front of each eye is a tiny monitor.
• Because there are two monitors, images appear as
  three-dimensional.
• In addition, most HMDs include a head tracker so
  that the system can respond to head movements.
• For example, if you move your head left, the
  images in the monitors will change to make it
  seem as if you're actually looking at a different
  part of the virtual reality.

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Head-Mounted Display
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3D user interfaces

• 3D graphics is currently mostly used in computer
  games, art and computer aided design.
• There have been several attempts at making 3D
  desktop environments like SphereXP from Sphere
  Inc.
• A 3D computing environment could possibly be used
  for collaborative work, for example scientists
  may study 3D models of molecules in a virtual
  reality environment or engineers may work on
  assembling a 3D model of an airplane.
• 3D is also slowly being introduced in mainstream
  operating systems such as Mac OS X or the
  upcoming Windows Vista

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3D user interfaces
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Zooming User Interface

• a Zooming User Interface or ZUI is a graphic
  environment that allows users to interact with
  system objects.
• It is a fairly evolutionary outgrowth of the
  graphical user interface, or GUI.
• A ZUI can represent different levels of scale and
  detail, and the user can change the scale of the
  viewed area in order to show more detail.
• In Zooming User Interfaces, information elements
  are shown directly on an infinite virtual desktop
  (usually created using vector graphics), instead
  of in windows.
• Users can pan across the virtual surface in two
  dimensions and zoom into objects of interest.
• For example, as you zoom into a text object it
  may be represented as a small dot, then a
  thumbnail of a page of text, then a full-sized
  page and finally a magnified view of the page.

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Zooming User Interface
Sample of Zooming User Interface
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Gesture Recognition

• Gesture recognition is human interaction with a
  computer in which human gestures, usually hand
  motions, are recognized by the computer.
• Recognizing gestures as input might make
  computers more accessible for the
  physically-impaired and make interaction more
  natural for young children.
• It could also provide a more expressive and
  nuanced communication with a computer.
• Several companies have developed prototype
  products.
• Gesture recognition is already being used for
  interaction with a 3-D immersion environment.

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Gesture Recognition
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Gesture Recognition
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Multipoint Touch screen

• multi-touch sensing enables a user to interact
  with a system with more than one finger at a
  time, as in chording and bi-manual operations.
• Such sensing devices are inherently also able to
  accommodate multiple users simultaneously, which
  is especially useful for larger interaction
  scenarios such as interactive walls and
  tabletops.

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Multipoint Touch screen
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Multipoint Touch screen
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Tangible User Interface

• A tangible user interface is a user interface in
  which a person interacts with digital information
  through the physical environment.
• Generally graspable and tangible interfaces are
  systems relating to the use of physical artifacts
  as representations and controls for digital
  information.
• A central characteristic of tangible interfaces
  is the seamless integration of representation and
  control, with physical objects being both
  representation of information and as physical
  controls for directly manipulating their
  underlying associations. Input and Output devices
  fall together.
• There are 4 characteristics concerning
  representation and control   1. Physical
  representations are computationally coupled to
  underlying digital  information.   2. Physical
  representations embody mechanisms for interactive
  control.   3. Physical representations are
  perceptually coupled to actively mediated
  digital representations.   4. Physical state of
  tangibles embodies key aspects of the digital
  state of a system.

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Tangible User Interface

• Tangible interfaces rely on a balance between
  physical and digital representations.
• Digital representations are needed to mediate
  dynamic information.
• The elements of TUIs are spatially
  re-configurable in contrast to tangible digital
  appliances

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marble answering machine

• An example of a tangible UI is the Marble
  Answering Machine by Durrell Bishop. A marble
  represents a single message left on the answering
  machine. Dropping a marble into a dish plays back
  the associated message or calls back the caller.
• Durrell Bishop's marble answering machine.

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Topobo system

• Another example is the Topobo system. The blocks
  in Topobo are like LEGO blocks which can be
  snapped together, but can also move by themselves
  using motorized components. A person can push,
  pull, and twist these blocks, and the blocks can
  memorize these movements and replay them.

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Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of
  computer science that deals with intelligent
  behavior, learning and adaptation in machines.
• Research in AI is concerned with producing
  machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent
  behavior.
• Examples include control, planning and
  scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and
  consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and
  facial recognition.
• it has become an engineering discipline, focused
  on providing solutions to real life problems.
• AI systems are now in routine use in economics,
  medicine, engineering and the military, as well
  as being built into many common home computer
  software applications, traditional strategy games
  like computer chess and other video games.

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Sound Voices

• For future GUI, System will detect recognize
  the voice from the user and can manipulate data
  from user.
• Example, user just read the sentences and system
  will auto generate the sentences in application
  such as word processing or auto generate graph.

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Impact

• Cost for hardware will increase.
• Changes for hardware and software too fast. Users
  always need to learn new product from time to
  time.
• Error will occur on the personal computer where
  not support latest technology.
• Download and uploading time for future user
  interface file will slow because the file too big.

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Benefit

• Interesting
• New look, can attract more users to spend their
  value time.
• Easy
• Features like touch screen make the process or
  interaction become more easy and suitable for all
  to use.
• Fast
• Touch Screen functions also make the interaction
  become more faster and safe time.
• Clear
• 3D animation can make an explanation for a
  product clearer because customer can have a look
  about the entire dimension for that product.
• Control
• Easier to control, where user interface can
  recognizing sign language, reading lips, tracking
  facial movements and so on.
• Security
• More safety to use where user interface can
  recognize the user profile.

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Graphical interfaces For Windows Vista

• Vista's premier interface, Windows Aero, is built
  on a new desktop composition engine called
  Desktop Window Manager. Windows Aero, also known
  as Aero Glass, adds support for 3D graphics
  (known as Flip 3D), translucency, window
  animation and other visual effects, and is
  intended for mainstream and high-end graphics
  cards and has various hardware requirements such
  as
• 64 MB of dedicated graphics memory recommended
  for 1024x768, 128 MB for 1600x1200.
• At least 32 bits per pixel.
• Pixel Shader 2.0
• 3D hardware acceleration with capabilities equal
  to DirectX 9.0.
• A memory bandwidth of 2 GB/s is recommended.
• Capable of drawing 1.5 M triangles / second, one
  window being 150 triangles.
• Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) Drivers.
• Windows Aero is not planned for inclusion in the
  Home Basic and Starter editions, and both Windows
  Aero and Flip 3D require Windows Genuine
  Advantage (WGA) to be passed.

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Graphical interfaces For Windows Vista

• Vista also offers other Aero modes. The Standard
  mode is a variation of Windows Aero without the
  transparencies, window animations, and other
  advanced graphical effects such as Flip 3D. Like
  Windows Aero, it uses the Desktop Compositing
  Engine, and has generally the same video hardware
  requirements as Windows Aero. This is the default
  mode for the Windows Vista Home Basic Edition.
  The Starter (developing markets) edition does not
  support this mode. The Basic mode uses the new
  desktop composition although it has an aspect
  similar to Windows XP's visual style with the
  addition of subtle animations such as those found
  on progress bars, with increased stability and
  smooth window re-draw. It does not feature
  transparency or translucency, window animation,
  Flip 3D or any of the functions provided by the
  DWM. The Basic mode requires Windows XP Display
  Driver Model (XPDM) or WDDM drivers as well as
  the graphics card requirements of Windows XP or
  2000.
• A more basic interface, Windows Classic, is
  available as well. An option for corporate
  deployments and upgrades, Classic has an
  interface very similar to the appearance of
  Windows 2000, and does not use the new Desktop
  Compositing Engine Flip 3D, live window
  previews, and tearing-free window dragging are
  therefore not supported. Classic requires Windows
  XP Display Driver Model (XPDM) or WDDM drivers
  and the graphics card requirements of Windows
  2000.

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Sample
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Thank You Questions Answers