GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

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• GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY

• CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY
• SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS
• TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION
• GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES
• METAL TOXICITY
• CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION
• BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• ADSORPTION
• DIFFUSION
• LIPID/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT
• CONCENTRATION INSIDE OUTSIDE THE CELL

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• ADSORPTION
• SPECIALIZED TRANSPORT
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• MEMBRANE PROCESSES
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• PINOCYTOSIS

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• ADSORPTION
• SKIN
• DMSO
• CCL4
• PARATHION/MALATHION
• SARIN (POTENT NERVE GAS)

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• ADSORPTION
• LUNGS
• PARTICULATES
• VOLATILE GASES
• VOLATILE ORGANICS

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• DISTRIBUTION
• CELL TO CELL
• ORGAN TO ORGAN
• MOVEMENT INTO TOTAL BODY WATER
• PLASMA WATER
• INTERSTITIAL WATER
• INTRACELLULAR WATER

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• BIOCHEMISTRY OF TOXICITY
• REACTION TYPES
• OXIDATION
• REDUCTION
• HYDROLYSIS
• CONJUGATION

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• OXIDATION
• OXYGEN IS INCORPORATED INTO THE SUBSTRATE

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• REDUCTION
• THE ADDITION OF ELECTRONS TO THE COMPOUND
  UNDERGOING REDUCTION

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• HYDROLYSIS
• THE ENZYMATIC CLEAVAGE OF BONDS BY WATER
• ADDITION OF HYDROGEN

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• CONJUGATION
• USUALLY LAST STEP IN METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION
• USUALLY GENERATE NON-TOXIC PRODUCTS OF HIGH
  POLARITY
• RAPID EXCRETION

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CHEMICAL BASIS OF TOXICOLOGY

• CONJUGATION
• GLUCURONYL TRANSFER
• ACETYLATION
• SULFATION
• GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY
• DERMATOTOXICOLOGY
• NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS)
• HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER)

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• FACTORS CONTROLLING TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY
• ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
• DISTRIBUTION IN THE BODY
• METABOLISM
• EXCRETION
• SENSITIZATION

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• DERMATOTOXICOLOGY
• TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN)
• PRIMARY IRRITATION
• ABSOLUTE IRRITANTS
• RELATIVE IRRITANTS

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• DERMATOTOXICOLOGY
• TOXIC DAMAGE (SKIN)
• SUNLIGHT-ASSOCIATED TOXICITIES
• PHOTO ALLERGY
• PHOTOTOXICITY

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• DERMATOTOXICOLOGY
• TOXIC DAMAGE (EYE)
• CORNEA
• LENS - CATARACT (DINITROPHENOL)
• RETINA
• OPTIC NERVE - BLINDNESS (CS2 , METHANOL)

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS)
• HEAVY METALS
• MERCURY LEAD
• CADMIUM BISMUTH
• URANIUM ARSENIC

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS (KIDNEYS)
• MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS
• ETHYLENE GLYCOL
• CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
• KEROSENE

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER)
• TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH LIPID SOLUBLE AGENTS
• DIRECT LIVER INJURY
• ALCOHOLIC TYPE
• TOXIC METABOLITE
• CHRONIC HEPATOTOXICITY

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SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO TOXIC AGENTS

• HEPATOTOXIC AGENTS (LIVER)
• HEPATIC CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS
• VINYL CHLORIDE ARSENIC
• PHENOBARBITAL BUTTER YELLOW
• TRICHLOROETHYLENE DIOXANE
• AFLATOXIN NITROSAMINES
• POLYHALOGENATED POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

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TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION

• INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER
• EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

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TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION

• INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER
• INDIRECTLY IONIZING (PHOTONS)
• X-RAYS
• GAMMA RAYS
• NEUTRONS
• NEUTRAL MESONS

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TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION

• INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER
• DIRECTLY IONIZING (CORPUSCULAR)
• POSITRONS
• ALPHA PARTICLES
• BETA PARTICLES
• CHARGED MESONS
• ACCELERATOR PARTICLES
• FISSION FRAGMENTS

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TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION

• EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• ACUTE RESPONSE
• SKIN
• GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNDROME

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TOXICOLOGY OF IONIZING RADIATION

• EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• LOW LEVEL RESPONSE
• RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
• 5 REM (ROENTGEN EQUIVALENT MAN)

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES
• ORGANOPHOSPHATE CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
• HERBICIDES
• PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES

• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES
• LIPID SOLUBLE
• BIO-ACCUMULATION
• MANY ARE CARCINOGENIC
• ALDRIN
• DIELDRIN

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES

• ORGANOPHOSPHATE CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
• CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
• ATROPINE
• PRALIDOXIME (2-PAM)
• DELAYED NEUROPATHY
• TRI-ORTHO-CRESYL PHOSPHATE (TOCP)

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES

• HERBICIDES
• GREATEST TOTAL VOLUME OF PRODUCTION
• KILL PLANTS OR INHIBIT PLANT GROWTH
• AMINOTRIAZOLE
• 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4-D)

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GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF PESTICIDES

• PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
• NATURAL SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
• POTENTIAL NEUROTOXICANTS
• FAIRLY LARGE DOSES REQUIRED
• RELATIVELY SAFE INSECTICIDES

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METAL TOXICITY

• GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY
• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS

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METAL TOXICITY

• ALKALINE EARTH METALS
• Na, K, Ca, Fe
• ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS
• Zn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, I, Me, Se

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METAL TOXICITY

• GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY
• MOLECULAR SITE OF ACTION
• ABSORPTION
• ORGAN SELECTIVITY

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METAL TOXICITY

• GENERAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY
• SOLUBILITY
• ELECTROCHEMICAL NATURE
• ABILITY TO FORM STABLE LIGANDS OR CHELATES

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
• ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
• EXCESSIVE INTAKE CAN INDUCE TOXICITY

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IB (Cu, Ag, Au)
• BASICALLY NON-TOXIC

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
• BASICALLY NON-TOXIC
• BERYLLIUM CAUSES LUNG FIBROSIS

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg)
• FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS - AFFINITY FOR THIOL
  BONDS
• MERCURY CADMIUM HAVE CUMULATIVE EFFECT

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IIIA (Al, In, Tl)
• RARELY CAUSE INTOXICATION DUE TO LIMITED USAGE
• DAMAGE INVOLVES KIDNEY LIVER NECROSIS AND
  SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IIIB (Sc, Y, and LANTHANIDES)
• LOW SOLUBILITY AND RARITY OF EXPOSURE
• THORIUM IS AN EXCEPTION DUE TO RADIOACTIVITY

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IVA (Ge, Sn, Pb)
• GERMANIUM TIN ARE OF LOW SOLUBILITY AND
  TOXICITY
• ORGANIC FORMS CAUSE NEUROTOXICITY
• LEAD - INORGANIC ORGANIC FORMS HIGHLY TOXIC

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP IVB (Ti, Zr, Hf)
• LOW SOLUBILITY AND TOXICITY
• ZIRCONIUM PRODUCES HYPER-SENSITIVITY IN SKIN
  LUNG
• DEODORANTS
• HAIR SPRAYS

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP V (ARSENIC As)
• EXPOSURE MAINLY IN MANUFACTURING
• WEED KILLERS
• WOOD PERSERVATIVES
• INSECTICIDES

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METAL TOXICITY

• TOXIC ACTION OF SPECIFIC METALS
• GROUP V (ARSENIC As)
• As2O5 BROKEN DOWN TO As2O3 (MORE TOXIC FORM)
• PROGRESSIVE NEUROPATHY, ANEMIA AND ULCERATION OF
  NASAL SEPTUM
• CANCER OF SKIN, LUNG AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

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• CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• TEMPERATURE
• INCREASED DECREASED
• AMPHETAMINES ALCOHOLS
• COCAINE BARBITURATES
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS CLONIDINE
• FLUOROACETATE GLUTETHIMIDE
• HEXACHLOROBENZENE HALOPERIDOL
• SALICYLATES PHENOTHIAZINES
• TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• PULSE
• BRADYCARDIA ARRHYTHMIAS
• ALCOHOLS ARSENIC
• CARBAMATES CAFFEINE
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES SOLVENTS

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• RESPIRATORY RATE
• INCREASED DECREASED
• CARBON MONOXIDE ALCOHOLS
• CYANIDE CO
• FLUOROACETATE CYANIDE
• HEXACHLOROBENZENE PHENOTHIAZINES
• METHANOL
• NITRITES

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• BLOOD PRESSURE
• INCREASED DECREASED
• AMPHETAMINES BARBITURATES
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS CYANIDE
• COCAINE IRON
• PHENCYCLIDINE NITRITES

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• SKIN
• DRY MOIST
• ANTIHISTAMINES ALCOHOLS
• BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS ARSENIC
• GLUTETHIMIDE CARBAMATES MERCURY
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES
• THALLIUM

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• SKIN COLOR
• FLUSHED CYANOTIC
• ALCOHOLS ANILINE DYES
• BORIC ACID CO
• CARBON MONOXIDE CYANIDE
• MSG NITRITES
• NITRITES

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• SKIN COLOR
• JAUNDICED
• ANILINE DYES
• ARSENIC
• ARSINE GAS
• CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
• IRON
• PHOSPHORUS

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• ODORS
• ACETONE ACETONE, ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS
• AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
• BITTER ALMONDS CYANIDE
• GARLICARSENIC, DMSO, ORGANOPHOSPHATES,
  PHOSPHATES, TELLURIUM, THALLIUM
• PEARS CHLORAL HYDRATE
• ROTTEN EGGS HYDROGEN SULFIDE
• SHOE POLISH NITROBENZENE
• VIOLETS TURPENTINE
• WINTERGREEN METHYLSALICYLATE

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• VOMITING PAIN
• ACIDS ARSENIC
• ALKALI IRON
• ARSENIC BLACK WIDOW
• CAMPHOR
• IRON
• FLUORIDE

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CONVULSIONS COMA
• CAMPHOR ALCOHOL
• CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS CARBAMATES
• LEAD CO
• NICOTINE CYANIDE
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES HYDROCARBONS
• PHENOTHIAZINES H2S
• LEAD
• ORGANOPHOSPHATES

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ATAXIA PARALYSIS
• ALCOHOLS CARBAMATES
• HYDROCARBONS THALLIUM
• PHENYTOIN ORGANOPHOSPHATES

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• ANTIDOTES
• COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
• OXYGEN FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
• NONCOMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
• ATROPINE FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• ANTIDOTES
• CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION
• SODIUM THIOSULFATE FOR CYANIDE POISONING
• METABOLIC INHIBITION
• ETHANOL FOR METHANOL POISONING

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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

• ANTIDOTES
• OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
• METHYLENE BLUE FOR METHEMOHEMOGLOBINEMIA
  (CYANIDE)
• CHELATING AGENTS
• CALCIUM EDTA FOR LEAD OR ZINC POISONING
• DIMERCAPROL (BAL) FOR ARSENIC POISONING