Biochips

1
Biochips

• Seminar Engineering Frontiers
• February 26th, 2003
• Mike Faith
• Disha Sheth

2
Overview

• What is a Biochip?
• Its first occurrence and the history behind its
  existence
• What are its uses and applications?
• Hurdles to overcome before the technology becomes
  popular
• Who are the major researchers?
• What is the estimated market for biochips?

3
Introduction

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Collection of miniaturized test sites of living
  entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid
  substrate that permits many tests to be performed
  at the same time in order to achieve higher
  throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size
• A marriage between electronics and
  biology/medicine

4
In Brief

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Bio Chip Biochip
• Bio stands for any biological entity eg
  protein, DNA
• Chip a computer chip
• Biochip a mate between biological entity and a
  computer
• Genome chips, Microarrays

5
The Idea behind Biochip

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Biology
• DNA was discovered in 1950
• The Watson and Creek model was developed in 1953
• Protein sequences, DNA sequences started getting
  discovered in 1980s
• Electronics
• Transistor was first invented in 1948
• In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million transistors
• Brick wall due to size limitations

6
First Idea

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Mate Biology and Electronics to overcome the
  brick wall
• Learn from natural phenomena and improve the
  current medical technology
• 1980s was the first time Biological entities were
  put on nonliving substrate

7
Types of Biochips

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

Lab-on-chips
8
Tracking device

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Tracking and identification devices in animals
  around 1983 for monitoring fishery
• Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in
  zoos
• Implanted under the skin of the animal with a
  unique ID number
• Works on Radio Frequency Identification
• Made of Reader and Transponder

9
Transponder

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• The implantable biochip
• Passive Biochip No Batteries
• Composed of
• Microchip
• Antenna coil
• Tuning capacitor
• Glass Capsule

10
Transponder

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Computer Chip Stores the unique ID number

11
Transponder

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Antenna Coil Primitive Radio antenna to receive
  and send signals

12
Transponder

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Tuning Capacitor Charged by the small (1/1000 of
  Watt) signal sent by the reader

13
Transponder

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Glass Capsule Made of biocompatible material
  such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight)
  sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer

Glass Capsule
14
Implant

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the skin
• Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs

15
Reader/Scanner

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Transmits a small signal
• Charges the tuning capacitor
• ID number transmitted by the transponder

16
Tracking device in Humans

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Works on the same principles in general
• Satellite will be able to track any human with
  the tracking biochip

Tracking Request
17
Social Concerns

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Big Brother fear
• Federal government has not legalized the implant
  of tracking biochips in humans
• Mark of the Beast fear
• What if the tracking biochip has the number 666?

18
Different Biochips

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

19
Biochip Manufacturing

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

Figure http//www.affymetrix.com/technology/manuf
acturing/index.affx
20
Biochip Manufacturing

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

Figure http//www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,5
3861,00.html
21
Analysis using Biochip

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Sample intake
• Sample Processing
• Interaction

• Glass cover
• Molecules to be analyzed
• Microtube for feeding the sample
• Biochip probes for testing

Figure http//www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
22
Testing Equipments

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

Figure http//www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
23
DNA Biochips

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• DNA (Gene expression)
• Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study
  genomes
• Study of interactions of individual genes in an
  organism
• Requires simultaneous study of genes
• Requires High-throughput

Figure http//www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
24
Lab-on-Chip

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

Figure http//www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
25
Technical Challenges

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Attachment of living entity with the silicon
  surface
• Limitation of vision
• Biocompatibility (Research done at National Tsing
  Hua University)
• Reliability

26
Overcome challenges

• More experiments
• More funding by big foundations like NSF
• Eg Human Genome project 3 billion

27
Principal Players

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Industries
• Affymetrix Pioneer in Genechip
• Agilent Technologies Production of Biochips
  (Lab-on-chips)
• Center of Biological Microchips, Russia
  (Biochip-IMB, USA)
• Production of TB-Biochips
• Intel, Motorola

28
Principal Players

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Universities
• Prof Rashid Bashir, Purdue University developed
  first Protein Chip in 2000
• Stanford, Johns Hopkins, Washington and other
  universities

29
Motivation

• Improve Health care industry
• Overcome the brick wall in electronics
• Of course Money

30
Recently Past Market

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

31
Market Impacts

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Great Demand of Biochips
• Biochips expected to be involved in many surgical
  procedures
• The worldwide biochip market will reach 950
  million in sales by 2005.

32
Global Market of Biochips

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

33
Market Impacts

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• New products and new players will drive the
  market at a compound annual growth rate of 25 to
  33.
• By 2006 the market is expected to reach 1.8
  billion.

34
Market Impacts

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• DNA chips will retain the largest share of the
  biochip market reaching sales of 725 million in
  2005
• Lab chips are likely to find use in the broadest
  types of assays and are poised to reach 157
  million in sales by 2005.

35
Market Impacts

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• The protein biochips market was worth about 76
  million in 2001.
• Sales of protein biochips have been predicted to
  top 700 million by 2006 which is almost 10 times
  its current size.

36
Market Analysis

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Affymetrix, Caliper and Ciphergen currently
  dominate the market.
• However emerging companies, such as Clinical
  Micro Sensors, ACLARA BioSciences and Phylos,
  will garner increased market share as customers
  look for low-cost and versatile products to meet
  their needs for new applications.

37
Market Analysis

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• There are over 127 companies currently involved
  in manufacturing, testing, and researching
  biochips.

38
IO for next 5 years

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Rapid grow from millions to billions in sales.
• As biochip prices decrease, they will become more
  visible in surgical procedures.
• Biochip technology will improve reaching higher
  levels in medicine.

39
IO long term

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• 40 billion by 2010
• Consumers will see new and better drugs on the
  market.

40
Quality of Life impacts

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Faster diagnosis of diseases
• Medicine will improve
• People will live longer healthier lives.
• Biological warfare diagnoses
• (eg Anthrax)
• Creates more jobs and improves the economy.

41
Summary

• Introduction
• History
• Current
• Technology
• Challenges
• Principal
• Players
• Market
• Summary

• Biochips is a very broad field
• Many different types of biochips
• Biochips is going to set the new trend in
  Medicine
• Still in research phase, but soon will be
  commercially used

42
Further Research

• Biocompatibility Not a lot of research is done
  in making the Ics biocompatible
• Artificial proteins and DNA
• More Tests need to be conducted to make it more
  reliable

43
Reference

• Center of biological Microchips
  http//www.biochip.ru/en
• Affymetrix http//www.affymetrix.com/index.affx
• Agilent http//www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.a
  sp?lPage51
• http//www.av1611.org/666/biochip.htmlPart3
• http//www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html

44
Questions
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