Dawes Act, 1887

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Dawes Act, 1887

• Congress passes the Dawes Act, to try to force
  Native Americans to assimilate
• Indian landholdings are reduced from
• 138 million acres in 1887 to only
• 48 million acres in 1934.

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Attempts at Assimilation

• Reservations, Indian Boarding Schools

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Ghost Dance Religion

• Wovoka, a Paiute holy man, awakes from a
  three-day trance to teach his tribe the Ghost
  Dance, with which they can restore the earth to
  the way it was before the whites arrived in the
  West.

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Ghost Dance, 1880s

• Had mystic visions of a world without white men
• Brought Western tribes together
• Believed magic shirt would protect them from
  bullets

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Government Response????

• Sitting Bull is murdered in a confrontation at
  the Standing Rock Reservation when Lakota
  policemen attempt to arrest him as part of a
  federal crackdown on the Ghost Dance.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

• 1890, Pine Ridge SD
• Federal troops massacre the Lakota Chief Big Foot
  and his 350 followers at Wounded Knee Creek on
  the Pine Ridge Reservation,

• in a confrontation fueled by the governments
  determination to stop the spread of the Ghost
  Dance.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

• The incident stands in U.S. military history as
  the last armed engagement of the Indian Wars

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Long term effects

• High rates of alcoholism, suicide

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How did Mexican culture influence the West?

• Cattle The Spanish brought cows from the Old
  World to Mexico
• Cowboy clothes Chaps, spurs, bandana
• Some Spanish words adopted into English ranch,
  bronco, rodeo, mustang