Institutional Management

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Chapter 13

• Institutional Management

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Formal Organization

• a structure established for influencing behavior
  to achieve particular ends
• 1.) The Organizational Structure
• 2.) The Impact of the Structure

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why governing prisons is different from other
public institutions

• the defects of total power
• power is limited depends on inmate cooperation
• prison unlike other authoritarian organizations
• inmates dont recognize legitimacy of their
  keepers
• no sense of duty propels them to compliance
• limited system of rewards punishments
• job assignment, housing, parole report, good time
• available punishments not severe, confer status
• co-opting of correctional officers
• officers forced into inmate trade-offs
• must maintain surface order
• forced to buy compliance or tolerate rule
  breaking
• strength of inmate leadership

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Correctional Officers The Linchpin of Management

• Who Becomes a Corrections Officer
• Role Characteristics
• Job assignments
• Problems with the Officers Role
• Job Stress and burnout
• Boundary Violations
• Use of Force
• Collective Bargaining

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Strategies of influence
compliance obedience to an order or request
types of power for gaining compliance
remunerative power obtaining compliance in
exchange for material resources
normative power obtaining compliance by
manipulating symbolic rewards
coercive power obtaining compliance by the
application or threat of physical force
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Goals of the Confinement Model of prisons

• keep them in
• facility must be secure
• keep them safe
• inmates staff must be protected from each
  other, as well as environmental hazards
• keep them in line
• rules must exist and be enforced
• keep them healthy
• inmates must have medical care
• keep them busy
• constructive activity through work, recreation,
  education, treatment programs

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Formal Prison Organization
warden
deputy warden Management
deputy warden Custody
deputy warden Programs
deputy warden Industries
inst. security
education
industry
budgets/accts
guard forces
farm
purchasing
vocational training
building grounds
inmate discipline
classification
clothing laundry
investigations
counseling
visiting
medical serv.
food service
recreation
canteen
religion
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Unity of Command

• management principle that a subordinate should
  report to only one supervisor

deputy warden Management
deputy warden Custody
deputy warden Programs
deputy warden Industries
inst. security
investigations
guard forces
visiting
inmate discipline
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Chain of Command

• management principle that orders organization as
  a series of hierarchical positions of authority,
  so that each person in hierarchy receives orders
  from one immediately above and issues orders to
  one immediately below himself or herself

warden
deputy warden Management
deputy warden Custody
deputy warden Programs
deputy warden Industries
captain
lieutenant
sergeant
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span of control

• management principle that a supervisor can
  effectively oversee only a limited number of
  subordinates

deputy warden Management
deputy warden Custody
deputy warden Programs
deputy warden Industries
education
recreation
budgets/accts
classification
inst. security
investigations
farm
guard forces
visiting
food service
inmate discipline
industry
purchasing
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Line Personnel

• Employees who are directly concerned with
  furthering the institutions goals workers in
  direct contact with clients

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Staff Personnel

• Employees who provide services in support of line
  personnel (e.g., clerks, purchasing officers,
  accountants, training officers, maintenance,
  laundry, food service)

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Governance

• the sound and firm management of inmates and
  staff
• governance is what distinguishes a well-run
  prison from a substandard prison.

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factors affection quality of life in prison
quality of life
service programs designed to improve the life
prospects of inmates (e.g., education, training,
work)
Order absence of individual or group misconduct
that threatens safety of others
amenity anything that enhances comfort of the
inmates (e.g., good food, clean cells, recreation)
A good prison provides as much order, amenity,
and service as possible, given the human
financial resources. --John DiIulio
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Prison Discipline

• inmates are given set of rules on arrival
• rule violations can be major or minor
• violations of rules are handled by staff
• minor violations result in warning, counseling
• major violations may result in sanctions
• criminal prosecution
• loss of good time
• time in punitive segregation (the hole)
• loss of privileges (e.g., visits, mail,
  commissary, recreation
• 1/2 inmates charged with 1 violation
• 90 of those charged are found guilty

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prison disciplinary process

• officer writes inmate a ticket for violation
• minor ticket
• summary judgment by hearing officer
• counseling reprimand
• major ticket goes to a semi-formal hearing
• disciplinary committee
• 3 - 5 correctional staff (custody, treatment,
  classification)
• inmate rights notice of complaint, help
  preparing case, fair hearing, confront witnesses,
  written statement of decision
• hearing officer
• sometimes case investigated by hearing officer--
  conducts hearing, makes decision (in absence of a
  committee)
• decision appealed up chain of command
• to captain, warden, commissioner of corrections

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prison directorsa formula for effective
leadership

• be in office long enough to learn job, make
  plans, implement them.
• project an appealing image to a wide range of
  people, both inside outside of the
  organization.
• be dedicated loyal to the department see
  oneself as engaged in a noble challenging
  profession.
• be hands-on proactive prevent problems be
  politically astute.

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the correctional officer
officers duties
counsel
maintain and deliver supplies
supervise
write and administer reports
protect
process control inmates
train
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its a tough job, but ...
long hours
seen as dead end job
disadvantages of correctional officer job
low pay
high turnover
potentially dangerous
low entry requirements
conflicting roles custody - treatment
low public image
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it does have its benefits
advantages of the job
growth industry
job security
limited alternatives (where prisons are located)
low entry requirements
easy to supplement with overtime or part-time
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correctional officeremployment opportunities
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paramilitary organization duties of custody
staff
captain
administrative responsibilities link between
custody and top management
lieutenant
supervises sergeants within areas of the prison
principle disciplinarians
supervises complement of officers within one area
of the prison (e.g., housing unit, hospital,
kitchen, yard, industries, reception release,
etc.
sergeant
correctional officer
line staff responsible for daily operation of a
specific area of prison
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correctional officer job assignments

• block officer
• oversee unit maintenance, security, safety,
  inmate problems needs, enforce rules
• work detail supervisor
• supervise inmate workers who provide food
  services maintenance, outside work details
• industrial shop school officer
• maintenance security of work school areas
• yard officer (order security on yard)
• administrative building assignment
• gate security, supervise visiting, public
  information
• wall or tower post (observe, minimal inmate
  contact)
• relief officer (fills in for absent staff)

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use of force circumstances justifying reasonable
force

• self-defense
• when threatened with physical attack
• defense of third persons
• to protect a threatened inmate or officer
• upholding prison rules
• to maintain safety and security
• prevention of a crime
• prevention of escapes
• law allows deadly force to prevent an escape, but
  policies vary across states

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collective bargaining

• 1st unions for correctional employees
• 1956 Washington, DC New York City
• 1970s many states passed enabling legislation
• 1981 unions in 29 of 52 jurisdictions
• who is represented (often separate unions)
• custodial, program, support staff
• issues and concerns
• wages, hiring, conditions of employment
• support expansion of prison facilities
• oppose private prisons
• support victims rights legislation
• tougher sentencing laws