PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER

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PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER

• DR.JOYDEEP DAS.M.D.
• DR.B.BOROOAH CANECR INSTITUTE
• GOPINATH NAGAR, GUWAHATI

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INTRODUCTION

• CANCER IS PREVENTABLE
• 80 90 CANCER ARE DUE TO OUR HABITS AND
  ACTIVITIES
• CANCER INVOLVES ALMOST EVERY PARTS OF THE BODY
• CANCER CELLS MULTIPLY IN AN UNCONTROLLABLE
  HAPAZARD MANNER

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SCENARIO

• CANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12 OF ALL DEATHS
• IN INDIA 1.5 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCER CASES
  AT ANY POINT OF TIME
• EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES ARE DETECTED IN
  INDIA
• EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIE IN OUR
  COUNTRY

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FACTS ABOUT CANCER

• 70 80 CANCER CASES ARE DETECTED AT LATE STAGE
  WHEN TREATMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE
• EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER HELPS IN COMPLETE CURE
  OF SOME CANCER
• PREVENTION BY TAKING SOME PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
  IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT CANCER

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CAUSES - TOBACCO

• CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER
• SMOKING MAY BE ACTIVE OR PASSIVE BOTH ARE
  HARMFUL
• CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO IN FORM OF KHAINI, ZARDA
  AND GHUTKA ALSO CAUSES CANCER
• TOBACCO NOT ONLY CAUSES CANCER BUT ALSO OTHER
  DISEASES

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CAUSES BETELNUT

• BETELNUT CONTAINS CARCINOGENS
• THE NUTS KEPT BURRIED IN THE GROUND FOR LOND
  PERIOD LEADS TO THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS WHICH IS
  CARCINOGENIC
• PEOPLE CONSUMING BETELNUT ALSO HAVE THE HABIT OF
  CONSUMING TOBACCO

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CAUSES - ALCOHOL

• ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEADS TO CANCER OF ORAL
  CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH,
  LIVER
• PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALSO SMOKES FURTHER INCREASING
  THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER

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CAUSES FAT/FIBRE

• HIGH INTAKE OF FAT (ANIMAL) INCREASES THE RISK OF
  DEVELOPING CANCER (BREAST AND COLON)
• DIETARY FIBRE OF PLANT ORIGIN HAS A PROTECTIVE
  ROLE AGAINST CANCER

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CAUSES BARBEQUED FOOD

• HIGH FAT AND HIGH PROTEIN FOOD WHEN GRILLED AT
  HIGH TEMPARATURE PRODUCES A CHEMICAL KNOWN TO BE
  HAVING CARCINOGENIC EFFECT
• HIGHLY BROWN AND CHARRED FOOD HAS CANCER CAUSING
  COMPOUNDS

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CAUSES - POLLUTION

• AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO CAUSE CANCER (ASBESTOS)
• INDUSTRIAL WORKERS ARE EXPOSED TO VARIOUS
  CHEMICALS WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE CARCINOGEN

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CAUSES WATER POLLUTION

• WATER MAY CONTAIN A NUMBER OF CANCER CAUSING
  SUBSTANCE AS THE INDUSTRIES DUMP CHEMICAL
  DIRECTLY INTO WATER OR BURRY THEM IN THE GROUND

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CAUSES X-RAY

• X-RAYS MAY STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
• REPEATED X-RAYS SHOULD BE AVOIDED
• X-RAY DONE ON PREGNANT WOMEN MAY INCREASE THE
  FREQUENCY OF CHILDHOOD CANCER

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CAUSES - VIRUS

• CERTAIN VIRUSES MAY CAUSE CANCER
• THESE VIRUSES ARE HEPATITIS B C, EPSTEIN
  BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS, CMV. Etc.
• THESE VIRUSES CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD
  TRANSFUSION, USE OF CONTAMINATED NEEDLES, FROM
  MOTHER TO CHILD DURING PREGNANCY OR BREAST
  FEEDING AND THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

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CAUSES - HERIDITY

• FEW CANCER LIKE RETINOBLASTOMA (EYE), COLON
  CANCER ARISING FROM GENETICALLY CAUSED POLYPS
• EVEN BREAST CANCER AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

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EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER

• CANCER DEVELOPS IN THE BODY VERY SILENTLY
• UNTIL IT COMES TO CERTAIN STAGE PATIENTS LEAD A
  NORMAL LIFE WITHOUT ANY COMPLAINTS
• INITIALLY IT PRODUCES MILD SMPTOMS AS FOUND IN
  OTHER AILMENTS

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WHY EARLY DETECTION IS IMPORTANT ?

• DISEASE DETECTED AT EARLY STAGE PRODUCES BETTER
  RESULTS ON TREATMENT AND EVEN CURE
• ADVANCED DISEASE SHOWS POOR RESULT ON TREATMENT
• ADVANCED DISEASE LEADS TO FINANCIAL AND
  PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN

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HOW TO DETECT DISEASE EARLY

• SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS
• CHANGE IN BLADDER BOWEL HABITS
• SORE THROAT NOT HEALING
• UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE
• THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE
• INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
• OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WAT OR MOLE
• NAGGING COGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE

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LARYNGEAL CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• PERSISTENT HOARSENESS
• SORENESS IN RHE NECK
• FELLING OF HAVING A LUMP IN THE THROAT
• DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOEING
• RISK FACTORS TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND
  ALCOHOL INTAKE

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ORAL CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• PERSISTENT WHITE OR RED PATCHES, USUALLY PAINLESS
• ANY PERSISTENT LUMP OR SWELLING
• RISK FACTORS TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND
  ALCOHOL INTAKE

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LUNG CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• CHRONIC COUGH
• COUGHING OUT OF BLOOD
• CHANGE IN THE VOICE
• CHEST PAIN
• SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• RISK FACTORS SMOKING, EXPOSURE TO
  ASBESTOS, COAL TAR DERIVATIVES AND
  RADIATION

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BREAST CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• FIRM LUMP
• SMALL CHANGES IN THE NIPPLE
• DISCHARGE FROM THE NIPPLE
• RISK FACTORS EARLY MENSTRUATION
• LATE MENOPAUSE
• FIRST CHILD AFTER 35 YRS OF AGE
• CHILDLESSNESS
• FAMILY HISTORY - BREAST CANCER
• HIGH FAT LOW FIBRE DIET

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CERVICAL CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• ABNORMAL BLEEDING BETWEEN PERIODS
• BLEEDING AFTER INTERCOURSE
• PROLONGED HEAVY BLEEDING DURING MENSTRUATION
• RISK FACTORS - FREQUENT SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AT AN
  EARLY AGE, MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS, MANY CHILDREN

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COLORECTAL CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• BLOOD IN STOOL
• FEELING OF BEING BLOATED
• CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS
• CONSTIPATION

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COLORECTAL CANCER RISK FACTORS

• AGE OVER 40
• FAMILY HISTORY
• H/O INFALMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
• FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS
• PAST H/O OF BREAST OR OTHER REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
  CANCER IN FEMALE
• HIGH CONSUMPTION OF RED MEAT AND LOW FIBRE DIET

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ESOPHAGEAL CANCER WARNING SIGNS

• DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING
• RECURRENT INDIGESTION
• RISK FACTORS
• SMOKING
• ALCOHOL
• DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

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MODALITIES OF TREATMENT

• SURGERY
• RADIOTHERAPY
• CHEMOTHERAPY

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TREATMENT - SURGERY

• OLDEST TREATMENT
• LOTS OF ADVANCEMENT HAVE TAKEN PLACE OVER LAST
  FEW YEARS
• SURGERY HAS ROLE IN PREVENTION OF CANCER
  REMOVAL OF NON-VITAL ORGAN
• DIAGNOSIS ASPIRATION, BIOPSY, LAPAROTOMY

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TREATMENT - RADIOTHERAPY

• WIDELY USED
• TELETHERAPY WHEN THE TUMOR IS AT A DISTANCE
  FROM THE SOURCE, THESE INCLUDE COBALT-60 AND
  LINEAR ACCELERATOR
• BRACHTHERAPY SOURCE OF RADIATION IS CLOSE TO
  THE TUMOR OR WITHIN THE TUMOR

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TREATMENT - CHEMOTHERAPY

• CHEMOTHERAPY MEANS TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH DRUGS
• CHEMOTHERAPY INTEREFERS WITH CELL DIVISION
• USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH RADIATION OR
  SURGERY

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NEWER TREATMENTS

• IMMUNOTHERAPY
• GENE THERAPY

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THANK YOU