ANGLO BOER WAR

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ANGLO BOER WAR
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REVIEW

• 1896 CHAMBERLAIN PUSHES FOR IMPERIAL TIES (NOT
  PRESSED, PEACE)
• 1897 EVENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA CAUSE HIM TO TRY
  AGAIN
• LORD MINTO APPOINTED GG OF CANADA AND GENERAL
  HUTTON AS HEAD OF MILITIA
• BOTH TO WORK TO INTEGRATE CLOSER IMPERIAL TIES
• LAURIER WAS RELUCTANT TO ALLOW, BUT COULDNT
  OPENLY REFUSE

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COLONIAL SECRETARY JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN

• COLONIAL SECRETARY WHO TRIED TO GET CANADA TO
  SIGN ON TO CLOSER COLONIAL TIES
• HE TODAY WOULD BE BLAMED FOR THE BOER WAR

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MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD HUTTON

• BRITISH GENERAL WHO WAS PLACED IN CHARGE OF
  CANADIAN MILITIA
• HIS INTERFERENCE LED TO HIS EVENTUAL DISMISSAL.
  HE WOULD LATER COMMAND THE AUSTRALIANS IN SOUTH
  AFRICA

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4TH EARL OF MINTO GG

• GG LORD MINTO WHO ALSO LOBBIED HARD TO GET CDNS
  TO PARTICIPATE IN BOER WAR
• HE TOO WOULD ACCELERATE LAURIERS PLAN TO CURB
  BRITISH INVOLVEMENT IN CDN POLITICS

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• HUTTON CHANGING MILITIA ACT TO ALLOW FOR OVERSEAS
  DEPLOYMENT OF MILITIA
• IN SOUTH AFRICA EVENTS COMING TO A HEAD
• TO UNDERSTAND THE WAR NEED TO GO BACK IN TIME

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HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA

• CAPE COLONY IS THE SOUTHERN MOST PART OF AFRICA
• DUTCH WERE THE EARLIEST EUROPEANS TO SETTLE HERE
• CONGRESS OF VIENNA GIVES TO BRITISH TO PROTECT
  HER SEA LANES TO EAST
• THE BRITISH MOVE IN BUT ONLY INTERESTED IN
  EXTREME SOUTH, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
• THE DUTCH DO NOT LIKE LIVING UNDER BR SO MOVE

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• THE DESCENDANTS OF THE DUTCH KNOWN AS AFRIKANERS
  OR BOERS
• MOVED BEYOND ORANGE RIVER INTO TWO AREAS ORANGE
  FREE STATE AND THE TRANSVAAL
• BRITISH NOT INTERESTED SO PEACE REIGNED
• 1886 GOLD AND DIAMONDS DISCOVERED, SO NOW BR
  INTERESTED
• BRITISH CITIZENS FROM CAPE COLONY RUSH TO
  TRANSVAAL AND OFS
• DEMAND RIGHTS, BUT BOERS WORRIED ABOUT BR
  INTENTIONS SO REFUSE

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• CHAMBERLAIN LOOKING FOR CAUSUM BELLUM
• DEMANDS ENFRANCHISEMENT IN OFS/TRANSVAAL (WILL
  VOTE TO JOIN CAPE COLONY)
• PRES OF TRANSVAAL KRUGER REFUSES
• BR SENDS NAVY OFF COAST AND MASSES MEN NEAR
  BORDER (GUN BOAT DIPLOMACY)
• KRUGER GIVES 48 HRS TO BACK DOWN

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• AS WAR BREWING, CHAMBERLAIN GETS MINTO TO
  PRESSURE LAURIER TO OFFER SPONTANEOUS HELP TO
  EMPIRE
• IN FACT MINTO AND HUTTON HAD DEVISED A
  CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR CANADIAN PARTICIPATION AND
  THEN LEAKED IT TO THE CANADIAN MILITARY GAZETTE
• AS A RESULT THE BRITISH COLONIAL OFFICE
  TELEGRAMMED LAURIER THANKING HIM FOR THE OFFER OF
  TROOPS THAT HE DID NOT MAKE, NOR INTEND TO MAKE
• THE BRITISH DID NOT REALLY WANT COLONIAL TROOPS
  FOR THE FIGHTING ABILITY, THEY WANTED THE TROOPS
  AS A TOKEN FORCE TO SHOW THAT THE EMPIRE WAS
  UNITED
• THIS WOULD SCARE THE BOERS INTO SUBMITTING AND
  ALSO SEND A MESSAGE TO THE GERMAN EMPIRE AT THE
  SAME TIME

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• BR FELT BOERS WOULD BE CRUSHED
• LAURIER DOES NOT WANT TO SEND TROOPS (WILL DIVIDE
  NATION FR VS ENGLISH)
• CALLS WAR PETTY TRIBAL CONFLICT BRITISH ARE
  ALWAYS GETTING INTO
• SAYS NO TO SENDING TROOPS
• ENGLISH CANADA FUMES DEMANDS ACTION

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• POPULAR CDN CULTURE CALLS FOR ACTION TO HELP THE
  MOTHER COUNTRY
• QUE RELATES TO BOERS, WHY FIGHT FOR BR?
• NELLIE MCCLUNG CALLS FOR WAR, CHARLES G D
  ROBERTS, MOST OF ENGLISH CANADA
• FRENCH (BOURASSA) DEMANDING NOT TO GO! HECKLER
  STORY
• LAURIER LOOKS FOR COMPROMISE
• ANYONE WHO WANTS TO GO CAN, (ALL VOLUNTEERS)
  CANADA WOULD EQUIP, PAY FOR MISSION, ONCE THERE
  BR WOULD COMMAND
• CDNS WOULD FIGHT AS A UNIT WITH CANADA FLASHES
  (GROWING AUTONOMY) UNLIKE OTHERS

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• BR OFFERED TO PAY THE WHOLE COST, LAURIER REFUSED
  AND CANADA PAID THE 3 MILLION (AUTONOMY)
• LAURIER USED ORDER IN COUNCIL TO AVOID DEBATE
• LAURIER SAID ONE TIME SHOT, NOT A PRECEDENT
• LAURIER HOPED ENGLISH CANADA WOULD BE OKAY AS
  HELPING, BUT ALSO FRENCH CANADA WOULD ACCEPT AS
  ONLY VOLUNTEERS
• LAURIER HOPED TO GET 1000 MEN, BY END OF CONFLICT
  OVER 8000 GO AND FIGHT

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• TASK CHARGED TO NOVA SCOTIA MINISTER OF MILITIA
  FREDERICK BORDEN (ROBERTS COUSIN)
• FIRST TIME CANADIAN SOLDIERS FIGHT AS UNIT IN CDN
  UNIFORMS
• MAJOR STEP FOR AUTONOMY
• HEROES PROVIDE NATIONALISM

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FREDERICK BORDEN

• LESS FAMOUS THAN HIS CONSERVATIVE COUSIN,
  FREDERICK BORDEN WAS ALSO A VERY IMPORTANT CDN
  POLITICIAN
• HIS OWN SON DIED IN SOUTH AFRICAN WAR

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THE WAR ITSELF

• BR THOUGHT THEYD CRUSH THE DUTCH FARMERS
• BOERS NEVER PUT MORE THAN 70,000 IN THE FIELD
  COMPARED TO BR 500,000
• BOERS FOUGHT IN COMMANDO FAMILY UNITS
• DURING WAR 32,000 BOER POWS RANGING FROM 6-89
• THEY DIDNT USE TRADITIONAL TACTICS
• GUERRILLA STYLE WARFARE

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• BOERS HAD MODERN WEAPONS (FROM GERMANY WITH GOLD
  MONEY)
• MAUSER RIFLE WAS SMOKELESS (CORDITE) FASTER, MORE
  ACCURATE (SNIPERS WHO BR COULDNT FIND)
• HEAVY ARTILLERY PURCHASED FROM FRANCE USED TO LAY
  SIEGE TO BR CITIES
• BOERS ALL HUNTERS, SHARPSHOOTERS, USED TRENCHES,
  BARBED WIRE, PONIES, REVERSE SLOPE, SHOT OFFICERS
  ALL AGAINST WHAT BR EXPECTED
• BR THOUGHT WAR WOULD BE OVER IN MONTHS, INSTEAD
  LASTED THREE YEARS

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BOER COMMANDO FORCE ABOVE. TOP RIGHT SHOWS
FRENCH 105 MM ARTILLERY GUN TO RIGHT MOUNTED
BOER SOLDIER ON PONY
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ITALIAN COMMANDO UNIT PICTURED ABOVE. MANY
NATIONS SAW CITIZENS GO TO HELP THE BOERS.
GER, FR, USA ALL HAD SOLDIERS FIGHTING ON THE
VELDT
MOST FAMOUS PHOTO OF BOER SOLDIERS. THREE
GENERATION SHOT.
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• BOERS ACTUALLY TAKE THE WAR TO BR FORCES
• SURROUND TOWNS, LAY SIEGE
• DESTROY RWY TO PREVENT SUPPLIES
• BOERS USED THEIR HOMES FOR RESUPPLY
• BR NOT READY TO FIGHT MODERN WAR
• CITIES WERE BESIEGED FOR MONTHS

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MAFEKING

• THE SIEGE OF MAFEKING WAS TO LAST 217 DAYS
• THE BRITISH FORCES WERE COMMANDED BY THIS MAN
• MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT BADEN-POWELL

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CANADIANS ARRIVE

• IN 1899 BR ACTUALLY LOSING WAR
• FIRST CDN CONTINGENT ARRIVE DEC 1899
• ROYAL CANADIAN REGIMENT (RCR) TRAVEL ON A SINGLE
  VESSEL
• 29 EXTRA STOWED AWAY TO GO
• 4 WALKED FROM YUKON TO BC TO GET TO GO
• RCR COMMANDER COLONEL OTTER (LOSER OF FROG LAKE
  BATTLE IN SECOND RIEL REBELLION)

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REMEMBER OTTER FROM SASK? HAVING FAILED ONCE,
HE WAS DETERMINED TO SUCCEED THIS TIME! HE WAS
OFTEN MORE BRITISH THAN THE BRITISH AND A
STICKLER FOR ALL MILITARY PROTOCOL
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(No Transcript)
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• TO GET MEN USED TO SUN, ORDERED TO WEAR SHORTS
  AND SHORT SLEEVES AND SHOELESS ON BOAT. MANY
  SUNBURNED HORRIBLY
• HAD TO SALUTE EVERY TIME SAW SUPERIOR OFFICER
• CHARGED ONE SOLDIER FOR ASSAULTING SUPERIOR
  OFFICER
• RCR BACKPAY WHEN LAND THEN GIVEN R AND R
• THE SOLDIERS AFTER THE HARDSHIPS OF THE SAIL
  OVER IMMEDIATELY LET OFF SOME STEAM.
• BRITISH AND SOUTH AFRICANS THOUGH CDNS RICH (AND
  DRUNKS)

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• OTTER OFFERED ACTION WITHIN A WEEK. 2IC
  CONVINCED NOT READY
• LUCKILY MISS MAGERSFONTEIN WHERE BRITISH
  DESTROYED BY BOERS (DEC 11)
• BOERS IN FRONT OF HILL WITH TRENCHES (UNLIKE
  USUAL REVERSE SLOPE)
• BRITISH SHELLED TOP, DID LITTLE DAMAGE AND WHEN
  CHARGED SUFFERED HUGE CASUALTIES
• FIRST USE OF BARBED WIRE CHANNELLED KILLING ZONES
• BR DID NOT DO PROPER RECON (NO RESPECT FOR ENEMY)
• 1000 BRITISH CASUALTIES. WORST DAY SINCE
  NAPOLEON. RECORD LASTED ONE WEEK

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MAGERSFONTEIN
HIGHLAND LIGHT INFANTRY ON THE MARCH! BOTTOM
LEFT IS THE BOER TRENCH LINE THAT DECIMATED THE
HIGHLAND REGIMENT. THE CO OF THE REGIMENT
WAS KILLED IN THE BATTLE Major General Andrew
Wauchope
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• MAGERSFONTEIN WAS FOUGHT TO RELIEVE SIEGE OF
  LADYSMITH
• FROM DEC 11-19 BR LOSE OVER 2000 MEN TO THE BOERS
  25 (BLACK WEEK)
• EFFORTS TO RELIEVE TOWN FUTILE AND CALLED OFF
• BY TURN OF 1900 BR ON VERGE OF DEFEATWORLD KNOWS
  IT (KODAK)
• BOER WAR FIRST FILMED WAR, IMAGES OF DEAD TOMMIES
  MAKING WAR UNPOPULAR

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• BR INF COULD NOT DEFEAT THE MOUNTED BOERS
• BR SEND HEAVY CAVALRY (HORSES DIE OF THIRST)
  ENTIRE REGIMENT POW
• NOW BR ASKED DOMINIONS FOR HELP
• ASKED FOR DISMOUNTED INFANTRY
• BASICALLY ROUGH MEN WHO KNEW HOW TO FIGHT, SHOOT,
  AND RIDE A HORSE
• CDN WEST WAS GREAT PLACE TO FIND SUCH MEN

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• WHILE RCRs IN SOUTH AFRICA GUARD RWYS, SECOND
  CONTINGENT OF MOUNTED RIFLES LEAVE HFX JAN 1900
• THIS TIME BR NEED THE HELP, NOT SYMBOLIC
• JAN 1900 BR ALSO FIRE GENERAL IN CHARGE, REPLACE
  WITH MAJOR GENERAL ROBERTS

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GENERAL ROBERTS

• NEW PLAN DONT FIGHT THE BOER BATTLE, MAKE THEM
  FIGHT YOURS
• DONT RELIEVE BESIEGED TOWNS, MARCH ACROSS VELDT
  TOWARD CAPITALS OF OFS AND TRANSVAAL AND FORCE
  THEM TO STOP YOU.

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• ROBERTS MARCH ACROSS VELDT LARGEST ARMED
  INVASION SINCE NAPOLEONS INVASION OF RUSSIA
• HE HANDPICKED RCRs TO GO WITH HIM
• MEN CARRIED FORTY POUND KIT IN 114 DEGREE HEAT
  (SUFFERED HORRIBLY)
• WORKED, BOERS FORCED TO WITHDRAW FROM SOME TOWNS
  TO PROTECT THEIR OWN CAPITALS
• STILL BOERS USED HIT AND RUN TACTICS ATTACKING
  THE SUPPLY TRAINS
• BR LOSE ONE THIRD OF WATER RATION TRAIN

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• BY END OF MARCH BR DRINKING FROM STAGNANT POOLS
  WITH FLOATING CORPSES IN THEM
• ONE OF BEST BOER GENERALS WAS DE WET (ALL BOER
  GENERALS ELECTED)
• GENERAL CRONJE RETREATS TO DEFEND APPROACHES TO
  BLOEMFONTEIN (CAPITAL OF OFS)
• ROBERTS ENCIRCLES LAYS SIEGE
• THIS WAS THE BATTLE OF PAARDEBURG AND RCRs WERE
  THERE
• WHEN ROBERTS SICK LORD KITCHENER TAKES OVER AND
  ORDER DIRECT FRONTAL ASSAULT

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• CASUALTIES WERE HEAVY AND 21 CDNS DIE. FIRST TO
  DIE IN CDN UNIFORM
• ROBERTS GETS BETTER, ORDERS ATTACK TO STOP,
  CONTINUES BARRAGE
• BOERS TRAVELLED WITH FAMILIES, SO SURRENDER WAS
  DISCUSSED
• DE WET TRIES TO PERSUADE CRONJE TO BREAK OUT, BUT
  MEN WORRIED THEIR FAMILIES WOULD BE HURT SO AT
  PAADERBURG 4,000 BOERS SURRENDER
• THIS WAS THE FIRST MAJOR VICTORY FOR THE BRITISH,
  PRAISE WAS GIVEN TO RCRs BY ROBERTS, QUEEN
  VICTORIA, AND LAURIER (THEY LED FINAL CHARGE)
  COSTLY VICTORY THOUGH 1,270 BR CAS

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PAARDEBURG
BR FIELD HOSPITAL ABOVE. SURRENDER OF
CRONJE BELOW TO ROBERTS
PHOTO OF BOERS AND BRITISH AFTER BATTLE POW CAMP
FOR BOERS ON ST HELENA
ABOVE IS GENERAL CRONJE IN FRONT OF HIS COTTAGE
PRISON ON ST HELENA
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THE CONTINUING STRUGGLE

• AFTER PAARDEBURG CDN TROOPS SEEN AS SHOCK TROOPS.
  REQUESTED BY MANY BR GENERALS
• 2ND CONTINGENT ARRIVES. ROYAL CANADIAN ARTILLERY
  (RCA) AND ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED RIFLES
• MEANWHILE IN CANADA 3RD CONTINGENT BEING RAISED
• DONALD SMITH RAISING AT OWN EXPENSE
• LORD STRATHCONA HORSE

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• LORD STRATHCONA (SMITH) PICKED NWMP OFFICER SAM
  STEELE TO LEAD THEM
• HE HAND PICKED MEN OF NWMP TO GO
• LORD MINTO THOUGHT LITTLE OF THEM ON PARADE, BUT
  THEY WERE GREAT ON THE FIELD
• WHEN ARRIVED BR OFFICER ASKED WHY SUCH BIG MEN
  WERE CHOSENSTEELE SAID THESE WERE SMALLEST CDNS
  HE COULD FIND

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SAM STEELE TO THE LEFT. A BRITISH SOLDIER TO THE
RIGHT IS ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE. IT IS
BELIEVED THAT SOME OF THE LATER SHERLOCK HOLMES
WORKS ARE BASED IN PART ON THE EXPLOITS OF SAM
STEELE
MEN OF THE LORD STRATHCONA HORSE RELAX DURING A
BREAK IN THE FIGHTING NEAR CAPE TOWN
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• BOERS CONTINUE TO USE GUERRILLA WAR, BUT WITH
  SMALLER GROUPS
• LEAD RAIDS, GET SUPPLIED FROM FARMS
• BR NEED NEW TACTIC, TOTAL WAR
• AFTER BLOEMFONTEIN BOERS CAPTURE WATER SUPPLY
  (ENTERIC FEVER KILLS MANY)
• NATIVE BLACK POPULATION SUFFER HORRIBLY
• BRITISH KICK THEM OUT OF CITY (RATIONS) BOERS
  FORCE THEM BACK IN

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• ROBERTS SIMPLY MARCHES TOWARD PRETORIA CAPITAL OF
  TRANSVAAL
• BOERS FORCED TO ABANDON SIEGE TO RETAKE
  BLOEMFONTEIN AND OTHER CITIES
• ON NEW MARCH RCRs AND MOUNTED RIFLES THERE
• RCA HELPS RELIEVE SIEGE OF MAFEKING (TO HONOUR
  CDNS, PASSWORD ON DAY ONE OF FREEDOM IS CANADA)
• CDNS BECOME EXPERT FORAGERS AND TRADERS
• MOUNTED RIFLES ALSO USED AS LIVE BAIT TO FORCE
  BOERS INTO GIVING AWAY POSITIONS

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• BY OCT 1900 BR CONTROL ALL CITIES AND TOWNS, BUT
  VELDT STILL TEEMING WITH BOER COMMANDOS
• PRETORIA FALLS, TRANSVAAL A COLONY (KRUGER IN
  EXILE IN SWITZERLAND WHERE HE DIES IN 1904) OF
  THE BRITISH, BUT THE BOERS FIGHT ON
• TO END THE WAR THE BRITISH DECIDE TO DESTROY THE
  LIFELINE OF THE BOERS, THEIR HOMES
• BY END OF 1900 NEW COMMANDER IN SOUTH AFRICA, AND
  THIS WAS HIS PLAN

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LORD KITCHENER IN COMMAND

• AS WAR DRAGGING ON ROBERTS RESIGNS, REPLACED BY
  KITCHENER
• HE DECIDES ON TOTAL WAR
• CONCENTRATION CAMPS FOR FAMILIES OF BOERS
  (DEPRIVES BOERS OF SUPPLIES, SHELTER, FOOD, AND
  FAMILIES) HOPE THAT BOERS WOULD SURRENDER
• OVER 50,000 FARMS DESTROYED DURING WAR
• 3.5 MILLION SHEEP SLAUGHTERED OVER A MILLION
  CATTLE, A MILLION AND A HALF HORSES DIED

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• CDNS DID PARTICIPATE IN THIS CAMPAIGN
• JAN 1901 VICTORIA DIES, CDNS GOING HOME
• NEW KING PRAISES THEM ON RETURN JOURNEY
• NO CDNS FOR MOST OF 1901
• 1902 FOURTH CONTINGENT (RETURNEES MOSTLY) ARRIVE
  FOR FINAL YEAR
• MAY 1902 FINAL 12,000 BOERS SURRENDER
• DID SO TO END SUFFERING OF THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN
  IN THE CAMPS
• BY END OF WAR 22,000 BR DIE (MOSTLY OF DISEASE)

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• ONLY 4,000 BOER SOLDIERS DIED
• HOWEVER IN THE 44 CAMPS 28,000 BOER WOMEN AND
  CHILDREN STARVED OR DIED OF DISEASE
• A FURTHER 30,000 BLACKS DIED IN THE CAMPS
• THE WORLD CONDEMNED, GERMANY, UNITED STATES, POPE
• AFTER WAR BRITISH TRY TO FIX THEIR REPUTATION BY
  SENDING NURSES, TEACHERS, DOCTORS ETC
• MANY OF THESE CAME FROM CANADA

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• BRITISH HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVIST EMILY HOBHOUSE IS
  THE ONE WHO BROKE NEWS OF THE CAMPS
• KITCHENER REFERRED TO HER AS THAT BLOODY WOMAN!
  AND ORDERED HER PREVENTED FROM COMING TO SOUTH
  AFRICA
• STILL HER EFFORTS SAVED THOUSANDS AND TO THE
  SOUTH AFRICANS SHE WAS THE ANGEL OF MERCY
• WHEN SHE DIED IN 1926 HER ASHES WERE PLACED IN
  THE BASE OF THE MONUMENT TO THE CIVILIANS WHO
  DIED IN THE WAR CAMPS

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• EMILY HOBHOUSE AND THE MONUMENT IN BLOEMFONTEIN

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AFTER THE WAR

• BRITISH STUDY WHAT WENT WRONG
• PRAISE COLONIAL TROOPS ESPECIALLY THE CDNS
• SAY BR ARMY MUST ADAPT TO MODERN WARFARE (THE
  DONT)
• WAR FOSTERED CDN NATIONALISM
• WAR HEROES, UNITS ETC
• SPLITS LIBERAL PARTY, HENRI BOURASSA LEAVES
  LIBERALS SPOKE AGAINST THE WAR THE WHOLE TIME
• HECKLER STORY

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• QUEBEC SAYS CANADA FOUGHT BRITAINS WAR
• BOURASSA WILL BECOME A HUGE SPUR IN THE SIDE OF
  LAURIER
• IN THE END THE BR FINALLY DO WIN THE BOER WAR.
  TAKES 3 YEARS OF STRUGGLE
• THE WAR WAS A STEPPING STONE FOR CANADIAN
  INDEPENDENCE IN MANY WAYS.
• WE FOUGHT BUT AS CANADIANS, WE EARNED REPUTATION
  WITHOUT LONG TERM COMMITMENTS, AND AS A RESULT OF
  THE INTERFERENCE OF HUTTON, LAURIER HAD HIM
  RECALLED BY BRITAIN DESPITE THE EFFORTS OF MINTO
  AND CHAMBERLAIN TO KEEP HIM IN CANADA.

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• FOR THE BOERS IT WAS IRONIC THEY LOST THEIR WAR
  OF INDEPENDENCE YET IN END WON
• 1907 TRANSVAAL AND ORANGE FREE STATE GIVEN
  AUTONOMOUS STATUS BY BRITAIN
• 1910 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA ESTABLISHED WITH BOTHA
  AS LEADER
• HE WAS ONE OF THE LEADING GENERALS OF THE BOERS
  DURING THE WAR