Fruits

1

Fruits

2
0
A seed develops from the ovule after
fertilization of the egg in the ovule
A fruit develops from the ovary wall after
fertilization of the egg in the ovule
3
(No Transcript)
4
The mature fruit (pericarp) can be analyzed on
the basis of the characteristics of three
subdivisions Exocarp outermost Mesocarp
middle Endocarp innermost
5
I. Simple Fruits A single ripened ovary from a
single flower.
A. Fleshy Fruits Most of the ovary wall
(pericarp) is soft or fleshy at maturity.
1. Berry Entire pericarp is fleshy, although skin is sometimes tough may be one or many seeded. E.g. grape, tomato, papaya, pomegranate, persimmon, guava, banana and avocado.


6
2. Pepo Berry with a hard, thick rind typical
fruit of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). E.g.
watermelon, cucumber, squash, cantelope and
pumpkin.
7
3. Hesperidium Berry with a leathery rind and
parchment-like partitions between sections
typical fruit of the citrus family (Rutaceae).
E.g. orange, lemon, grapefruit, tangelo and
kumquat.
8
4. Drupe Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer
(endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed. E.g.
peach, plum, nectarine, apricot, cherry, olive,
mango and almond. Some botanists also include the
fruits of walnuts, pecans, date palms, macadamia
nuts, pistachio nuts, tung oil and kukui nuts as
drupes because of their outer, green, fleshy husk
and stony, seed-bearing endocarp. These latter
fruits are also called drupaceous nuts.
9
5. Pome Ovary or core surrounded by edible,
fleshy receptacle tissue (hypanthium or fleshy
floral tube) that is really not part of the
pericarp. The actual ovary or core is usually not
eaten, at least by most humans. This is typical
fruit of certain members of the rose family
(Rosaceae), including apple, pear, quince and
loquat.
10
B. Dry Fruits Pericarp dry at maturity.
1. Dehiscent Dry Fruits Pericarp splits open
along definite seams.
a. Legume An elongate "bean pod" splitting along two seams typical fruit of the third largest plant family, the legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). The pod represents one folded modified leaf or carpel that is fused along the edges.

11
(No Transcript)
12
b. Silique A slender, dry, dehiscent fruit that
superficially resemble a legume, except the
mustard silique is composed of two carpels with a
partition or septum down the center (i.e. between
the two carpels or valves). This is the typical
fruit of the mustard family (Cruciferae or
Brassicaceae). E.g. field mustard, turnip and
cabbage (Brassica species).
13
c. Capsule Seed pod splits open is various ways
and usually along several definite seams.
Capsules typically split open into well-defined
sections or carpels which represent modified
leaves. This is a very common dry fruit found in
many different plant families. E.g. Catalpa,
Jacaranda, Pittosporum, Aesculus, Agave, Yucca,
Eucalyptus, devil's claw (Proboscidea), floss
silk tree (Chorisia), kapok tree (Ceiba) and
castor bean (Ricinus communis). Capsules may
split open along the locules (loculicidal), along
the septa (septicidal), through pores
(poricidal), or the entire top of the capsule
separates as a single lid-like section
(circumscissile). A common landscaping tree in
southern California called the golden-rain tree
(Koelreuteria) produces bladder-like capsules
that are loculicidally dehiscent into three
valves. The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
produces a classic poricidal capsule in which the
tiny seeds fall out of the pore-like windows as
the capsule shakes in the wind. The edible weed
called purslane (Portulaca) has a many-seeded
circumscissile capsule. The Mexican jumping bean
(Sebastiana pavoniana) produces a 3-carpellate
capsule, each carpel bearing a seed. Sometimes
the carpel is occupied by a special moth larva
that eats the seed and moves its one-room carpel
container by contorting and hurling its body. In
the liquidambar tree (Liquidambar styraciflua)
the globose fruiting heads are composed of
numerous tiny capsules, each bearing one or two
winged seeds and a number of aborted ovules
(immature seeds).
14
(No Transcript)
15
d. Follicle A single ripened ovary (representing
a single modified leaf or carpel) that splits
open along one seam. The follicle may occur
singly (as in milkweed) or in clusters two in
oleander, 2-5 in peony, 3 in larkspur, 5 in
columbine and 4-5 in bottle tree (Sterculia or
Brachychiton). The cone-like fruit of the
magnolia tree is an aggregate of many small
follicles, each containing a single bright red
seed.
16
2. Indehiscent Dry Fruits Pericarp does not
split open. These fruits usually contain only one
seed.
a. Achene Very small, one-seeded fruit, usually produced in clusters. At maturity the pericarp is dry and free from the internal seed, except at the placental attachment. This is the typical fruit of the largest plant family, the sunflower family (Compositae or Asteraceae). Examples of this type of fruit include the sunflower (Helianthus), buttercup (Ranunculus) and sycamore (Platanus). In the sycamore, the globose fruiting heads are composed of tiny, one-seeded achenes interspersed with hairs (some authors refer to these individual fruits as nutlets).

17
c. Grain or Caryopsis A very small, dry,
one-seeded, indehiscent fruit in which the actual
seed coat is completely fused to the ovary wall
or pericarp. The outer pericarp layer or husk is
referred to as the bran, while the inner, seed
layer is called the germ. This is the
characteristic fruit of the large grass family
(Gramineae or Poaceae). The grain is truly a
fruit (not a seed) because it came from a
separate ripened ovary within the grass
inflorescence. This is the number one source of
food for people on the earth. E.g. Corn (maize),
wheat, rice, rye, barley, oats, Johnson grass,
Bermuda grass and many more species.
18
d. Schizocarp A small dry fruit composed of two
or more sections that break apart however, each
section or carpel (also called a mericarp)
remains indehiscent and contains a single seed.
Because the seed-bearing sections or carpels
(called mericarps) do not split open, this type
of fruit is usually placed under indehiscent dry
fruits. This is the characteristic fruit of the
carrot family (Umbelliferae or Apiaceae). E.g.
Carrot (Daucus), celery (Apium) and sweet fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare).
Malvaceae
Malva parviflora L.
mallow
19
e. Samara Small, winged, one-seeded fruit,
usually produced in clusters on trees. E.g. Maple
(Acer) a double samara, ash (Fraxinus), elm
(Ulmus) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus). Samaras
resemble the winged seeds of a pine, but they are
truly one-seeded fruits with a pericarp layer
surrounding the seed.
20
f. Nut Larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard
pericarp, usually enclosed in a husk or cup-like
involucre.
(1) Acorn of oak (Quercus) The actual nut sits in a cup-shaped involucre of imbricate (overlapping) scales. (2) Chestnut (Castanea), beech (Fagus) chinquapin (Castanopsis) One or more nuts sit in a spiny, cup-shaped involucre. (3) Hazelnut or filbert (Corylus) Nut sits in a leafy (C. americana) or tubular (C. cornuta) involucre. (4) Walnut (Juglans) and pecan (Carya) are placed in the drupe category (section A-4) above, although some botanists maintain that they are true nuts. In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the entire ovary wall or pericarp, and the outer husk is composed of involucral tissue that is not part of the ovary wall or pericarp. According to most botanical references, the outer green layer (husk) of the walnut is part of the pericarp and the hard shell surrounding the seed is really the endocarp. Therefore, walnuts and pecans probably fit the dry drupe category rather than a true nut.

21
II. Aggregate Fruits A cluster or aggregation of
many ripened ovaries (fruits) produced from a
single flower. In blackberries and raspberries
(Rubus), the individual fruits are tiny,
one-seeded drupes or drupelets. Since all the
seed-bearing ovaries (carpels) form a fused
cluster, the fruit is also called a syncarp. In
strawberries (Fragaria), the individual fruits
are tiny, one-seeded achenes imbedded in a sweet,
fleshy receptacle.
22
0
Aggregate Fruit
23
0
Blackberry
24
0
Blackberry
25
III. Multiple Fruits A cluster of many ripened
ovaries (fruits) produced by the coalescence of
many flowers crowded together in the same
inflorescence, typically surrounding a fleshy
stem axis. E.g. mulberry, osage orange,
pineapple, breadfruit and jackfruit. In the
mulberry (Morus), the individual fruits are tiny
drupes called drupelets.
26
Multiple Fruit
0
Mullberry
27
0
28
0
29
Aggregate Accessory Fruit
0