Office Management Tools

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Lecture 1

• Office Management Tools
• Saima Gul

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Computer Application

• Education
• Banking System
• Aerospace
• Business Marketing
• Government
• Entertainment

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What is a Computer?
System Unit
A computer is an electronic machine that can be
programmed to accept data (input), process it
into useful information (output), and store it in
a storage media for future use
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History Evolution
Abacus
Mechanical Calculator
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
1944 MARK I Howard Aiken at Harvard University
1951 - UNIVAC1 first commercial computer
1954 - Hewlett and Packard Met and setup shop in
Garage at Silicon valley
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Abacus
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• Difference Engine

• Analytical Engine

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Mechanical Calculators
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UNIVAC 1
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1969 Internet was founded
1975 Microsoft Founded Bill Gates with Paul
Allen
1976 Apple I and Apple II
1981-IBM PC PC was introduced.
1989 WWW Invented by Tim Berners-Lee
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1994 Netscape Founded by Jim Clark and Marc
Andreesen
Many more.
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Question -
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine that can be
programmed to accept data (input), process it
into useful information (output), and store it in
a storage device for future use
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Computer Generation

1. 1st Generation
2. 2nd Generation
3. 3rd Generation
4. 4th Generation
5. 5th Generation

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1st Generation (1944 - 1958) Vacuum Tubes

• Memory was made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes or
  sometimes magnetic drum
• Gave off so much heat that even if they were
  cooled by gigantic air conditioners.
• Input and output media were punched cards and
  magnetic tapes

IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)
Vacuum Tubes (memory)
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UNIVAC
ENIAC
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2nd Generation (1959 - 1964) Transistor

• an electronic switch that alternately allow or
  disallow electronic signal to pass, replaces
  vacuum tubes
• These transistors were made of solid material,
  some of which is silicon, therefore they were
  very cheap to produce
• Much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power,
  and generate less heat, conduct electricity
  faster.

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Minicomputer
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3rd Generation (1964 - 1970) Integrated
Circuit

• An electronic circuit that packages transistors
  and other electronic components into one small
  silicon chip called semiconductor.
• The number of transistors that is placed on a
  single chip has increased, shrinking both the
  size and cost of computers.
• Keyboards and monitors were used.
• Magnetic disks were used widely as secondary
  storage

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Minicomputer
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4th Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessor

• A silicon chip on which transistors are
  integrated onto it.
• Microprocessor can do all the processing of a
  full-scale computer smaller in size , faster in
  speed.

• These circuit integrations are known as
  Large-scale integrated (LSI) and Very Large-scale
  integrated (VLSI) circuits
• Microprocessors led to the invention of personal
  computers.

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5th Generation (Present Beyond) Artificial
Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making
  computers behave and think like humans.
• The branch of computer science that deal with
  writing computer programs that can solve problems
  creatively
• AI studies include robotics, expert systems,
  games, etc..

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3 Directions of Computer Development

• ? size
• Everything has become smaller
• ? power
• Miniaturization allowed computer makers to cram
  more power into their machines, providing faster
  processing speeds and more data storage capacity.
• ? expensive
• The price of the hardware is getting cheaper

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Classification of Computers
(1) Supercomputers

• The mightiest computer
• The most expensive.
• process billions of instructions in a second
• used by some exclusive group only

(2)Mainframes

• Process data at very high speed
• less expensive than Supercomputer
• used for processing large amount of data
• user work with terminal e.g Maybank Mainframe

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(3)Workstations

• Powerful desktop computers
• Used by engineers and scientists for engineering
  applications,software development, application
  that require a high amount of computing power

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(4)Mobile Computing

• Small, portable, wireless communication
  device.
• Ex laptops, wearable computers, PDAs, USB
  flash drives.

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(5)Servers

• designed to support a computer network that
  allows you to share files, application software,
  hardware, such as printers and other network
  resources.
• Mainframes, personal computers can be used as a
  server.
• Server computers usually have following
  characteristics
• Designed to be connected to one or more networks
• The most powerful CPUs available
• Multiple CPUs to share the processing tasks
• Large memory and disk storage
• High-speed communications capabilities

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(6)Microcomputers / PC

• The most common for home users , computers that
  can fit on a desktop or in one's briefcase.
• Can perform all of its input, processing, output
  and storage activities by itself.

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Types of PC

• Mini tower
• Desktop

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Why are COMPUTERS so Useful?

• Storage
• Reliability
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Communication

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The End