Eyes and Vision

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Eyes and Vision

• Name of Presenter
• Doctor of Optometry

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Presentation provided by

• Scott A. Jens, O.D.
• AOA Member
• Madison, WI

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The Amazing Eye
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The process of vision

• An object in the world is seen by the eye upside
  down
• The brain processes the eyes image to create the
  picture of the object

ANDY
ANDY
Brain
ANDY
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When vision is bad...

• The cornea and lens need to focus light
  onto the retina for clear vision
• Often, the focus is not sharp...

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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
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Astigmatism
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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Hyperopia (farsightedness)

• Too little focusing power causes light to be
  focused behind the retina
• Convex lenses focus light onto the retina
• A significant cause of learning problems, as it
  often goes undetected by school or pediatrician
  screenings
• Common cause of reading glasses

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2
• requiring referral or follow-up

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Astigmatism

• The cornea/lens optical system is different in
  the horizontal and vertical focal planes
• Found in combination with farsightedness and
  nearsightedness
• Results in blur at distance and near
• Compound-grind lenses focus light onto the retina

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Myopia (nearsightedness)

• Too much focusing power causes light to be
  focused in front of the retina
• Concave lenses focus light onto the retina
• Early onset occurs between 2nd and 5th grades,
  onset most common between grades 6th and 10th
• Many control methods examined, and none work!

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2
  requiring referral or follow-up

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Non-strabismic binocular disorders

• The binocular system of humans depends on
  vision from each eye that is equally clear and
  overlapped into one image instead of double
• Eye aiming can be miscoordinated
• Many learning difficulties can result from the
  eyes not easily aiming at the same point -- the
  more the effort, the more the fatigue, etc.

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Strabismus

• Eye turn
• Crossed eye, esotropia
• Wandering eye, exotropia
• Double vision is uncommon because of brain
  adaptation called suppression
• Treatments include proper prescription, patch to
  equalize the individual eyes abilities, and
  surgery by age 2 for greatest chance at a
  functional cure

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Amblyopia

• Phrase lazy eye is often used to describe
  amblyopia
• Permanent reduction of an eyes best sharpness,
  even with glasses, that results from the brain
  constantly ignoring the image of an eye that is
  crossed or from an eye that is significantly
  different in prescription than the other eye

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Accommodative disorders

• Accommodation ability to zoom focus on near
  objects
• Problems can include insufficient amount of
  focus, overly active focus, lock of focus, and
  slowly shifting focus
• The muscle that controls focus can be trained to
  work more efficiently
• Bifocals can be used for children

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Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.

• Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25
• Astigmatism 23
• Myopia (nearsightedness) 18
• Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14
• Strabismus 12
• Amblyopia 7
• Accommodative disorders 6
• Peripheral retinal abnormalities,
  2 requiring referral or follow-up

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Peripheral retinal abnormalities

• Dilated eye examinations are periodically
  required to evaluate parts of the inner eye that
  can show abnormality
• Examples include retinal degenerations, retinal
  detachments, and retinal tumors.

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Inside the numbers...

• 26 of US population is less than 18 years of age
• 31 of those 6 to 16 years old had an eye and
  vision examination within the past year
• 14 of those less than 6 years old had an eye and
  vision examination within the past year

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Vision checkups and screenings

• Many people benefit from having their eyes tested
  with an eye chart to see if they see properly --
  called a screening
• Vision screening is never a replacement for a
  comprehensive eye examination
• Screenings check for vision blurriness
• Exams evaluate vision blurriness, PLUS eye
  muscle teaming, focus ability, and eye health

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Why so few eye exams?

• Parent reliance on vision screenings, provided by
  pediatrician or school
• Cost to uninsured families
• Lack of good public information as to the
  importance of periodic eye care

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Unable to pay for professional care?

• NOTE Due to differences in state, province, and
  region free services, add info applicable to
  audience, or remove slide from presentation if
  services are unavailable.

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The Role of Vision in Learning

• The eyes must see clearly, without double vision,
  and with accurate depth of focus control
• A child must have the visual ability to learn to
  read prior to reading to learn
• When a child cannot learn, think first of their
  ability to see, then of their ability to learn

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Comprehensive Eye Exams

• Optometrists and ophthalmologists are eye doctors
  who provide eye examinations
• Are easy and painless!
• Can find the problems that relate to poor
  learning
• Here is a peek...

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Color Vision
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Depth Perception
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Keratometry
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Visual Acuity
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Refraction
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Eye Health Test
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Eye Pressure
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Eye Drops -- Dilating the Pupil
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Eye Health Tests
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The Headlight Health Exam
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Tests for Babies and Young Children, too!
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• Questions??

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Thank you!!