Class 10 Grammar

1
Class 10 Grammar
Fall 2005
2
What you will need to know for the quiz
Phrases
Irregular Verbs to lie vs. to lay
Clauses
Need to review? Four kinds of sentences
Four kinds of complements
3
Home
Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements
4
Four Kinds of Sentences
Home
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Click here for sentences tree.
5
1. Simple Sentence
Home
Definition a sentence that contains a main (or
independent) clausea subject and verb (or
predicate)
Example Kate ran to the restaurant.
Back to kinds of sentences.
6
2. Compound Sentence
Home
Definition a sentence that contains two or more
main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate
(or dependent) clauses
Example Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb
walked.
Back to kinds of sentences.
7
3. Complex Sentence
Home
Definition a sentence that contains one main (or
independent) clause and at least one subordinate
(or dependent) clause
Example Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant.
Back to kinds of sentences.
8
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Home
Definition a sentence that contains at least two
main (or independent) clauses and one or more
subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant, and Caleb walked.
Back to kinds of sentences.
9
Complements
Home

• Definition
• a word or words used to complete the sense of a
  verb.

Click here for four types.
Click here for complements tree.
10
Four Types of Complements

• 1. Predicate noun (subject complement)
• Rhoda became a star.
• 2. Predicate adjective
• Betty was courageous.
• 3. Direct Object
• Janet loves Jill.
• 4. Indirect Object
• Give me the hammer, please.

Question for review Which are linking verbs?
Back to definition of complements.
11
Home.

• Sentences one and two
• contain linking verbs
• Rhoda became a star.
• Betty was courageous.

Back to kinds of complements.
12
Clauses
Home
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
Click here for clauses tree.
13
Main Clause
Home
Definition All sentences include a main clause
(or independent clause) that is, a subject and a
verb.
Example The dog jumped over the plate.
Back to clauses.
14
Subordinate Clauses
Home
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
15
Adjective Clause
Home
Definition a subordinate (or dependent) clause
that functions as adjective (tells more about the
noun)
Example Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy,
hugged a little bunny.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
16
Adverb Clause
Home
Definition a subordinate (or dependent) clause
that functions as adverb (tells the when, why,
how, where, under what condition)
Example Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
17
Noun Clause
Home
Definition a subordinate (or dependent) clause
that functions as noun (as subject, direct
object, indirect object, subject
complement,object of preposition, or appositive)
Click here for kinds of noun clauses.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
18
Kinds of Noun Clauses
as subject
as direct object
as indirect object
as predicate noun (or subject complement)
as appositive
As object of preposition
Back to definition of noun clause.
19
Noun Clause As Subject

• That it snowed surprised me.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
20
Noun Clause As Predicate Noun (or Subject
Complement)

• The question was how to cross the bridge.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
21
Noun Clause As Object of Preposition

• You give the drum to whoever wants it.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
22
Noun Clause As Direct Object

• Chapin girls know that reading is fun.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
23
Noun Clause As Indirect Object

• Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the
  fish.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
24
Noun Clause As Appositive

• My teachers wish that I become a lifelong lover
  of literature could happen.

Back to kinds of noun clauses.
25
Phrases
Home
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
Click here for phrases tree.
26
Phrases Verbals
Home
Infinitive
Participial
Gerund
Back to kinds of phrases.
27
Infinitive Phrase
Home
Definition a group of words consisting of an
infinitive and all the words related to it (an
infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a
noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive
usually begins with to.
Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.
Question for review What is the infinitive alone?
Back to kinds of verbals.
28
Home
to speak (the infinitive)
Back to infinitive phrase.
29
Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun (or subject complement)
as appositive
Back to definition of infinitive phrase.
30
Infinitive Phrase As Subject

• To snow hard is a wonder.

Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.
31
Infinitive Phrase As Predicate Noun (or
Subject Complement)

• The trick was to carry the egg slowly.

Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.
32
Infinitive Phrase As Direct Object

• Chapin girls like to study hard.

Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.
33
Infinitive Phrase As Appositive

• My teachers wish to climb Bear Mountain could
  happen.

Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.
34
Prepositional Phrase
Home
Definition a group of words consisting of a
preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the
object of the prep., and any modifiers of that
object (they can function as adjective or adverb
in a sentence)
Example Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.),
screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review Where is the appositive?
Back to kinds of phrases.
35
Home
On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched
with laughter. (the appositive)
Back to prepositional phrases.
36
Participial Phrase
Home
Definition a group of words consisting of a
participle and words related to it (a participle
is a verb form that is used as an
adjectivepresent ends in -ing past ends in -ed
or -en)
Click here for examples.
Back to kinds of verbals.
37
Participial Phrase Examples (present and past)
Home

• Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with
  longing.
• Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the
  building.

Question 1 for review What are the participles
alone?
Question 2 to test your knowledge of gerunds
vs. participles.
Back to definition of participial phrase.
38
Home.
tapping (present participle)
filled (past participle)
Back to participial phrase examples.
39
Gerund Phrase
Home
Definition a group of words consisting of a
gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a
verb form that ends in -ingnot to be confused
with present participles!and functions as a
noun)
Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.
Back to kinds of verbals.
40
Which is the gerund?Which is the participle?

• Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
• Walking down the street that windy day, I wished
  I took the bus.

Click here for answer.
Back to partipial phrase examples.
41
ParticipleWalking down the street that windy
day, I wished I took the bus. GerundWalking on
my tiptoes is fun.
Back to examples of participial phrases.
42
Kinds of Gerund Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun (or subject complement)
as indirect object
as object of preposition
as appositive
Back to definition of gerund.
43
Gerund Phrase As Subject

• Running in water is good for your legs.

Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
44
Gerund Phrase As Predicate Noun (or Subject
Complement)

• Her hope was getting a good seat.

Back to kinds gerund phrases.
45
Gerund Phrase As Object of Preposition

• Youll need shoes for walking through the mud.

Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
46
Gerund Phrase As Direct Object

• I love playing the piano.

Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
47
Gerund Phrase As Indirect Object

• She gave playing the piano a chance.

Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
48
Gerund Phrase As Appositive

• Marys role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a
  great opportunity for her.

Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
49
To Lay to put, place
Home

• Present I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past I laid, you laid, etc.
•  Present perfect I have laid, you have laid,
  etc.
•  Past progressive I was laying, you were
  laying, etc.

To Lie
50
To Lie to recline
Home

• Present I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
•  Past I lay, you lay, etc.
•  Present perfect I have lain, you have lain,
  etc.
•  Past progressive I was lying, you were lying,
  etc.

Click here to quiz yourself.
Back to to lay.
51
Is this correct?

Home

• The old man lay on the couch.

Click here for answer.
52
Home
Yes!
Back to to lie page.
53
Back to phrases.
54
Back to complements.
55
(No Transcript)
56
Click here for clauses.