National Power Grid

1
National Power Grid Indian Experience and
International Comparisons
By
By
Sh. R.P. Singh CHAIRMAN MANAGING DIRECTOR POWER
GRID CORPORATION
2
POWER SYSTEM Vs HUMAN BODY
RLDCBrain
Generation Heart
Sub-Transmission Sub-Arteries
Transmission Main Arteries
Distribution Capillaries
3
Growth of Power Sector

• Till independence the electricity requirement
  were met by local utilities who use to generate
  and distribute
• Soon after independence it was recognised that
  the above model was no longer effective for the
  growth of power sector to meet the desired
  development level. Thus state electricity boards
  were formed with a purpose for integrated
  development of supply, transmission
  distribution of electricity.

4
Growth of Power Sector ..Contd

• By mid 60s it was recognised that states were no
  longer self sufficient to meet demand supply
  gaps mainly on account of uneven disposition of
  energy resources and scattered load demands. Thus
  inter state connection started on a limited
  basis. This also led to creation of regional
  electricity board which were attached to CEA (in
  absence of any other Regional or Central
  Organisation in place). However it was again felt
  that it would be prudent to shift to regional
  planning. This gave birth to NTPC,NHPC,NEEPCO
  etc.
• By mid 80s need arose to address the gaps in
  transmission system by way of inter connecting
  the state and regional grid. Thus POWERGRID was
  formed in 1989 with a mandate to integrate
  inter-state and inter-regional transmission lines
  to form a National Grid.

5
Present Status of Indian Power System

• Installed Capacity - 1,12,000 MW
• Thermal 71
• Hydro 25
• Nuclear 1
• Others 3
• Present Peak Demand 82,000 MW(Suppressed
  Demand)
• Peak Availability 72,000 MW
• Energy Deficit 7, Peak Shortage 11
• Growth of Demand - 8-9Capacity addition slow
• Investment pattern in Power Sector
• As a thumb rule investment in transmission and
  distribution together should be equal to
  generation.However in reality only 28 has been
  invested in Transmission Distribution against
  72 in generation

6
Present Status of Indian Power System

• Demand Supply Gap Resulting into
• Low Frequency Low Voltage ,endangering
  Security and Stability of grid
• Difficulty in meeting Peak/Off Peak Demand
• Due to poor Hydro Thermal Mix which is 2575
  against desired 4060
• Outdated Low Voltage Distribution System
  contributing towards high TD losses including
  technical commercial
• Absence of responsive Consumers Grievance
  Redressal
• Dissatisfied customer
• Environment of mistrust between SEBs and
  consumers

7
Steps Required to Improve Indian Power
SystemCapacity Addition

• Capacity Addition - 1,00,000MW has been
  planned by 2012.
• Key issues to be looked into
• Pit head Thermal Generating stations
• Development of high capacity Hydro projects and
  micro hydro projects
• Import of Power from neighbouring countries
• Nuclear generation
• Distributed Generation
• Harnessing Non conventional energy
• Uneven distribution of energy resources Coal
  in ER, Hydro in NER NR posses a major challenge
  .
• Need for Integrated Resource Planning,
  Development of Inter-Regional connections to form
  a strong National Grid

8
Steps Taken by POWERGRID

• Development of Inter-Regional links Completion
  of 1st phase of National Grid
• Facilitates transfer of surplus power of Eastern
  Region to Deficit Northern, Western, Southern
  Regions
• Present National Grid 8,000 MW
• National Grid by 2012 30,000 MW
• Implementation of State-of-the-Art Unified Load
  dispatch communication facilities in all the five
  regions
• Use of State-of-the-Art technologies SVC,
  FACTS, 800 kV, Multi Conductor Configuration,
  High Temperature Conductor
• Powergrid has an ambitious investment plan of
  Rs.71,000 Crs by 2012 through its own resources
  private participation

9
TRANSMSISION A NATURAL MONOPOLY
10
Steps Required to Improve Indian Power
SystemMeeting of Peak/Off Peak Load

• Load curve of any Grid varies with time of the
  day
• Peak Load (evening/morning)
• Off Peak Load (night)
• Delhi requirement
• Peak Demand(3000 MW)
• Off Peak Demand(1500 MW)
• A pool of Hydro/Gas Generation plants to be kept
  to meet peak demand.
• Thermal/Nuclear should serve the Base Load
• During Off Peak Hour Thermal surplus generation
  relocated to fulfill agriculture requirement
  which brings economy to agriculture
• Implementation of time of the day tariff through
  TOD meters
• Requirement Strong National Grid with
  mechanism to maintain Grid Discipline

11
POWERGRIDS Contribution as a System Operator

• POWERGRID is also Responsible for Grid
  Management / System Operation of the five
  Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) .
• RLDCs - Responsiblities
• Apex Body for Integrated Grid Operation of the
  Region
• Scheduling and Despatch of Electricity on real
  time basis
• Energy Accounting
• Supervision and Control of Inter State
  Transmission System
• Ensure Grid Security and adherence to Indian
  Electricity Grid Code (IEGC)

12
Esatblishment of IR Interconnection and
Modernisation of RLDCs Has Resulted Into

• Considerable Improvement in System Parameters
  viz., Frequency Voltage.
• Merit Order Operation, Leading to Overall Economy
• Introduction of ABT (Availability Based Tariff),
  resulting in improved Grid stability
• Transparency in grid operation
• Quantum leap in Intra and Inter Regional Power
  Exchange and Trading
• Infused Grid Discipline
• THERE HAS BEEN NO MAJOR GRID DISTURBANCE IN
  LAST 22 MONTHS

13
Steps Required to Improve Indian Power System
Rejuvenation of State Utilities

• Up gradation of Distribution Network
• Rural Electrification
• Development of Anti Theft measure, Grievance
  addressing mechanism
• Automation of billing
• Reduction in Technical Distribution losses by
  adopting HVDS

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• NATIONAL GRID
• INDIA
• vis-à-vis
• INTERNATIONAL COMPARISION

15
National Grid China

• Six Regional Grid with the installed capacity of
  more than 350,000 MW
• Uneven distribution of Energy resources like
  India
• Coal deposits in north and south-west
• Hydro potential in south-west
• Load centers located in Central and coastal areas
  ( South East)
• Need of bulk power transfer over long distance
  from one region to other
• Inter Regional network started in the early 90s
  with the establishment of first HVDC link of
  1200 MW in 1989
• Adopted mixed AC DC Technology
• National Grid expected by 2015-20

16
Regional Inter-connection in 2005
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Institutional Frame work

• State Power Grid Corp South China Power Grid
  Corp are main transmission companies with
  following responsibilities
• Transmission System Planning and development by
  State Power Grid Corporation
• Grid operation shall be carried out by
  Transmission Utility
• No separate system operator envisaged.
• South China Power Grid and other Distribution
  Companies shall be the Subsidiaries of State
  Power Grid Corporation
• Regulation Power Sector under China Electric
  Power Regulatory Commission.
• Shall Report Directly to State Council
• Shall Issue Licence and solve disputes

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EUROPEAN SOUTH AFRICAN MODEL
G
G
G
G
G
T SO
D
D
D
D
D

• This model is followed in UK by NGC, in Norway
  by Statenett, in Sweden by Svenska Kraftnet, in
  Finland by Fingrid, in Netherland by Tennet, in
  Denmark by Eltral/Elkrafts and in South Africa by
  Eskom.

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South African Grid

• South Africa went a step ahead, establishing
  interconnection with other neighboring countries
• This resulted in optimal utilization of
  generation resources, improved diversity in fuel
  usage, increased system reliability and security
  etc
• South African Power Pool (SAPP) was created in
  Aug 1995
• Members Countries of SAPPBotswana(BPC),
  Mozambique(EDM), ANGOLA(EME), MALAWI (ESCOM),
  RSA(ESKOM), LESOTHO(LEC), NAMIBIA(NAMPOWER),
  DRC(SNEL), SWIZILAND(SEB), TANZANIA(TANESCO),
  ZAMBIA(ZESCO), ZIMWABWE(ZESA)

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Kenya
H
Congo
Gabon
Nairobi
Rwanda
Dem Rep
of the Congo
Brazzaville
Burundi
Kinshasa
Tanzania
H
SOUTHERN AFRICAN GRID
H
Dar es Salaam
H
H
Luanda
H
Angola
Malawi
Zambia
Mozambique
H
Lilongwe
H
H
Lusaka
H
H
H
H
T
H
H
H
Harare
H
H
T
H
H
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Botswana
T
H
Windhoek
ET
Gaborone
ET
H
ET
Pretoria
ET
ET
T
ET
ET
Maputo
ET
ET
ET
Johannesburg
Mbabane
ET
ET
South Africa
Swaziland
Hydro station
T
H
P
Pumped storage scheme
H
P
Lesotho
Thermal Station
T
H
Eskom thermal station
ET
N
Cape Town
P
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United States of America

• No Grid integration at National Level
• Three Distinct Grid operate in the US
• Eastern Interconnection Covering two-third of
  United States Canada
• Western Interconnection Covers Western part of
  United States, Canadian province of Alberta and
  British Columbia.
• Third Grid covers most of the area of Texas.
• All the three grids work independently and they
  are interconnected with few D/C links .

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AMERICAN MODEL
G
G
G
G
G
G
RTO
T
T
T
SO
SO
D
D
D
D
D
D

• This model is followed in USA. Based on their
  California experience, USA is now moving towards
  TSO model through RTO.

23
14 August 2003 Black Out

• Effected two countries (USA CANADA) ,eight
  states, 50 million people and loss of 4 to 10
  billion dollars to the exchequer.
• Full restoration took one week
• US-Canada joint investigation team recommended
  the need for strengthening the institutional
  frame work for reliablity management in North
  America

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Conclusion

• Intregrated approach required for power sector
  development , emphasis need to be given in all
  aspects including Generation, Transmission,
  Sub-Transmission Distributionon
• To ensure maximum capacity utilisation formation
  of National Grid is must, opputunities beyond
  National Boundaries should also be explored.
• Grid Management of such a size magnitude
  requires up-to-date monitoring system at the
  control centers
• Transmission is a Natural monopoly for
  effective grid operation it is desirable that
  development of transmission grid operation is
  under taken by same organisation.

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HEART GENERATION
72 Beats/Minutes 50 Cycles/Seconds
Stress/Anxiety Heart Beat Deviation Load-Gen.-Mismatch Frequency Deviation
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BRAIN LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
Controls the Body Function and keeps the critical parameters like temp, BP, Sugar level etc within limits Controls the Power System and keeps critical parameters like Voltage, frequency, MW, MVAR etc within limits
Uses sensors like Eyes Ears, Skin, Tongue, Nose for data collection Uses Sensors like Transducers, Relays, RTUs etc. for data collection
Uses Nervous system for communication Uses PLCC, Fibre Optics, Microwave for communication
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MAIN ARTERIES TRANSMISSION
Pumps blood from Heart to the Sub-Arteries throughout the Body Transfers Power from Generation to Sub-transmission throughout the Country
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SUB- ARTERIES SUB- TRANSMISSION
Deliver Blood from Main Arteries to each and every Body Part Deliver Power from Bulk Transmission points to every part of the Grid.
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CAPILLARIES DISTRIBUTION
Actual extraction of oxygen from blood takes place Actual consumption of electricity occurs
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Natural Energy Resources.
Hydro
Coal
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National Grid- By 2012
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SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION OF GRIDS
2500 Kms
AREA OF 16 lac sq.kms
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FREQUENCY PROFILE
2002, 2003 2004
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COMPARISION OF BANGALORE
VOLTAGE-TYPICAL DAY
2003
2004
2002
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Unscheduled interchange (ui)
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Growth Of Inter Regional Exchanges