Vineyard Nutrient Management

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Vineyard NutrientManagement

• Dr. Paul Domoto
• Dept. of Horticulture
• domoto_at_iastate.edu

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Developing a Fertilizer Programfor a Vineyard

• Need to know understand your soil.
• Begin before planting.
• Optimize the pH for Grapes (5.5 to 6.5).
• Amend to optimize the level of major nutrients.
• Understand its internal drainage characteristic.
• After planting adjust your program based on
• Soils fertility level (O.M. content) vineyard
  needs (petiole analysis).
• Cultivar characteristics (vigor, cold hardiness).
• Cropping potential.
• No two sites are alike.

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Determining the Need for Fertilizer

• Visual
• Plant vigor A shot in the dark
• Should be adjusting pruning to plant vigor
  practicing the 30 Plus 10 Rule or 20 Plus 10
  Rule to maintain a balance between vine growth
  and fruiting.
• Deficiency symptoms Generally too late
• Soil testing
• Suitable for pre-plant testing.
• Only good for some nutrients.
• Petiole Analysis
• Reliable after first growing season.
• Measures what plants are able to take up.

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Soil vs Petiole Analysis

• Soil
• Pre-plant
• Adjust pH, bring P, K, Mg, S(?) Zn to optimum.
• Not accurate for many nutrients.
• 2nd year beyond
• Monitor pH.
• Basis for K rate if petiole analysis indicates a
  short supply.

• Petiole
• 1st year
• Not accurate
• Reflects growing conditions in the nursery.
• 2nd year beyond
• Accurate measure of most essential nutrients.
• Sampling time is important.
• Annual analysis allows for fine-tuning of
  fertilizer program, correcting shortages before
  they become a problem.

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Normal Nutrient Ranges for GrapesBased on
Petiole Analysis
Mills, H.A. and J.B. Jones. 1996. Plant
Analysis Handbook II. MicroMacro Publishing
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With exception of Mo, ranges are published in
the Midwest Grape Production Guide, OSU Bull.
919, the Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management
Handbook, OSU Bull. 861.
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Annual Growth Cycle of a Grapevine
Bloom
Sampling Time
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From Winkler, General Viticulture
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Changes in Nutrient Concentrationsduring the
Growing Season

• Increase
• Calcium (Ca)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Boron (B)
• Iron (Fe)
• Manganese (Mn)

• Decrease
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Potassium (K)
• Sulfur (S)
• Copper (Cu)
• Zinc (Zn)

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Changes in Nutrient Concentrationsduring the
Growing Season
Bloom
Sampling Time
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Smith, C.B, et. Al. 1957. The nutritional status
of Concord grape vines in Erie county,
Pennsylvania as indicated by petiole and soil
analysis. Proc. ASHS 70189-196.
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At Full Bloom vs Mid-Summer
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Nutrient RangesDr. Carl Rosen, U. of Mn Dr.
Paul Domoto, ISU
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Collecting a Petiole Sample

• Collect at the same time each year!
• Do not mix cultivars into one sample!
• If a planting is located on more than one soil
  type, collect separate samples for each soil
  type.
• If a planting received different fertilizer
  applications, separate samples should be
  collected.
• A sample should consist of 100 leaves / petioles,
  or 150-200 for cultivars with small petioles.

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A sample should consist of 100 leaves / petioles,
or 150-200 for cultivars with small petioles.

• Collect petioles randomly from representative
  plants in the designated sampling area.
• Collect petioles from fruit bearing shoots.
• Full bloom Petiole opposite first cluster.
• Mid-summer Most recently fully expanded leaf.
• Collect no more than one petiole per shoot.
• Avoid sampling from abnormal, weak or unhealthy
  vines unless they will be sampled and submitted
  separately.
• Choose leaves free from insect, disease or
  mechanical injury.

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Full Bloom vs Mid-Summer
Opposite of the first cluster.
Most recently fully expanded leaf.
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Cleaning the Sample

• Best to allow nature to take care of by
  collecting after a heavy rain.
• If the samples are dirty, or if foliar nutrients
  were recently applied
• Rinse the sample in a mild detergent solution
  followed by 2 distilled or de-ionized water
  rinses.
• Wash while the leaves / petioles are still fresh.
• After rinsing, pat sample dry with clean paper
  towels.
• The whole procedure should be completed within a
  minute.

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After Collecting a Petiole Sample

• Remove the leaf blades by hand.
• DO NOT use a metal utensil.
• Place the petioles in an unused paper bag, or bag
  provided by the Lab.
• On the bag, Identify the sample
• Your name address
• Crop cultivar
• Field / sample number
• Map identify each sampling area for your future
  reference.
• Submit the sample.

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Other information that will assist

• The vigor health of the vines.
• Production potential for current and previous
  season.
• Current and past fertilizer program.
• Petiole analysis only tells how much the vines
  are obtaining.
• Recommendation would be to either increase,
  decrease or maintain current program.
• Spray materials applied prior to collecting the
  sample ( foliar applied nutrients or
  nutrient-containing pesticides).
• Soil type, texture and internal drainage
  classification.
• Check with the Lab before submitting a sample.

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Plant Soil Analysis Labs

• A L Laboratories http//allabs.com/
• Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories
  http//mvtl.com/
• U of MN Res Anal. Lab http//ral.coafes.umn.edu/
  index.htm
• AGVISE Laboratories http//www.sgvise.com/
• International Ag Labs http//www.aglabs.com
• MDS Harris Laboratories http//www.ag.mdsharris.c
  om/
• Midwest Laboratories, Inc. http///www.midwestla
  bs.com/index3.html
• Ward Laboratories, Inc. http//www.wardlab.com
• SD St. Univ. Soil Testing Laboratory
• http//plantsci.sdstate/soil test/

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South Dakota State UniversitySoil Testing
LaboratoryPlant Analysis Tests Fees
http//plantsci.sdstate.edu/soiltest/
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Interpreting a Petiole Analysis

• Most Labs will provide an interpretation of the
  results, but I have observed errors.
• Send the results to your Extension Specialist to
  look over the interpretation.
• MN Carl Rosen
• WI Teryl Roper
• IA Paul Domoto
• IL Mosbah Kushad or Bill Shoemaker
• NE Paul Read
• SD Rhoda Burrows

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Interpreting a Petiole Analysis

• To assist, additional information suggested
• The vigor health of the vines.
• Soil type, texture and internal drainage
  classification.
• Production potential for current and previous
  season.
• Current and past fertilizer program.
• Spray materials applied prior to collecting the
  sample.
• Micro-nutrient containing fungicides
• Foliar nutrient sprays
• Petiole analysis is not an exact science.
• Can tell if you need to apply more or less of a
  nutrient.
• The more information available the better.
• Annual testing will allow you to fine-tune your
  fertilizer program.

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Interpreting a Petiole Analysis
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Normal Nutrient Ranges for Grape
PetiolesMid-July to Mid-August (early veraison)
Sampling
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Summary of Grape Nutrient Management

• Pre-plant Soil Test pH, P, K, Mg, Zn, S(?), O.M.
• Amend soil as needed and incorporate as deep as
  uniformly as possible.
• Apply a low rate of N after planting, and in 2nd
  year. (40-50 lb N / A - .4 to .6 oz N applied
  around each vine, remained broadcast applied.
  Adjust based on soil organic matter content.)
• Begin petiole analysis during the 2nd year or
  when crop production begins, and adjust N
  fertilizer rates based on test results and vine
  vigor (prunings removed).
• Apply other nutrients as needed based on petiole
  analysis results.

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What if petiole analysis shows a need for a
nutrient?

• How much should be applied?
• How often should it be applied?
• How should it be applied? (soil vs foliar)
• Factors that need to be considered
• Mobility of the nutrient.
• Soil texture / cation exchange capacity.
• Soil pH as it affects nutrient availability/solubi
  lity.
• Soil organic matter content.

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Nitrogen (N)the most needed nutrient(0.9 1.3
petiole)
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How Much Nitrogen is Needed?

• Mid-Atlantic Wine Grapegrowers Guide
• Grapes 0.18 N, Canes 0.25 N
• Nitrogen removed
• - Grapes 3.6 lb / A / ton
• - Canes 1.7 lb / A / lb of prunings / vine
• For a 5 ton crop 3 lb prunings / vine
• - Grapes 18 lb / A prunings 5.1 lb / A
  23.1 lb/A total
• Need between 40 and 80 pounds of actual N / acre
  per year. Cahoon. Grapes, Production, Management
  Marketing. Ohio State Bul. 815
• Sod occupies 2/3s of the land and requires 1
  lb N / 1000 sq.ft. (30 lb / A).
• Grapes are receiving from 10 to 50 lb of N per
  acre.

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How Much Nitrogen is Needed?

• Have to consider the N released for the soil
  organic matter ( 20 lb / A / OM / yr).
• Less than 2 OM Consider increasing the N rate
  by 10-20
• 2 to 3 OM 30 to 40 lb actual N/acre is
  probably adequate
• gt 3 Consider reducing the N rate/acre by the
  amount of N derived from the OM.
• How much could be leached out of the root zone?
• Sandy soils are more prone to leaching.
• Consider split N applications half before bud
  break the other half 4-6 weeks later.
• With trickle irrigation, apply multiple
  applications spread out from pre-bud break to
  about July 1.

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Nitrogen ManagementDr. Carl Rosen, Univ. of
Minnesota
Other concerns petiole K Zn content
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What form of nitrogen should be used?

• Soil pH
• Acid soils (pH lt 6.0) nitrate forms to raise the
  pH.
• Optimal soil pH (6.0 to 6.5 or 7.0) urea
  (46-0-0)
• Alkaline soils (pHgt 7.0) ammonia forms to lower
  the pH.
• The associated element if there is a need.
• Cations calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate
• Anions ammonium mono phosphate, ammonium
  sulfate
• Complete fertilizers (13-13-13)
• Only if there is a need for each of the
  nutrients.
• Expensive
• Immobility of P and K.
• Risk of K induced Mg deficiency on sandy soils.

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Phosphorous (P)(0.13 0.40 )

• Practically immobile in the soil.
• Pre-plant soil analysis
• Generally not a problem.
• Plants often do well on low P soils.
• Unavailable Exchangeable Available P in
  the soil.
• Soil micro-organisms making P available.
• Can be a problem on sandy, low cation exchange
  capacity soils.
• Apply manure as an N source.
• N (1-3), P205 (0.3-3.2), OM (30-74)
• Apply ammonium mono phosphate as an N source
  (11-52-0).
• Foliar P applications (refer to labels).

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Potassium (K)(1.50 2.50 )
Moves very slowly in the soil. In perennial
crops, high rates of K are needed to move the K
down into the root zone.

• If petiole analysis shows a need for K.
• Conduct a soil test to determine how much K is
  need to optimized soil K and apply as a band
  application.
• Test magnesium (Mg) to make sure that excessive
  Mg is not inhibiting the uptake of K, and
  additional K will not affect the uptake of Mg.

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Potassium ManagementDr. Carl Rosen, Univ. of
Minnesota
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Potassium ManagementDr. Carl Rosen, Univ. of
Minnesota

• Potassium Fertilizer Sources
• Potassium chloride (0-0-62)
• Potassium sulfate (0-0-50)
• Potassium magnesium sulfate Sul-Po-Mag
  (0-0-22)
• Potassium nitrate (13-0-44)
• Foliar K applications
• Potassium nitrate (44 K, 13 N)
• Potassium sulfate (53 K, 18 S)
• Apply at 6 to 10 lb / 100 gallons.

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Calcium (Ca)(1.20 1.80 )

• Generally not considered a problem in grapes.
• Could become a problem on sandy soils.
• If the soil pH is low (acid), apply lime to raise
  the pH.
• If the soil pH is in the optimal range, apply Ca
  as gypsum (calcium sulfate).
• Use calcium nitrate as your N source
• 15.5 N, 21 Ca

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Magnesium (Mg)(0.26 0.45 )

• Can be a problem on sandy soils, particularly
  when K has been over applied.
• If the soil pH is low (acid), apply dolomitic
  lime to raise the pH to 6.0 or 6.5.
• If the soil pH is in the optimal range, apply
  Epson salt (magnesium sulfate) at a rate of 50 to
  100 lb/A.
• Foliar application of Epson salt at about 15-20
  lb/100 gal.
• Excessive Mg can be a problem on some glaciated
  soils.
• Inhibits K uptake.

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Sulfur (S)(gt 0.10 )

• No reliable data on a sufficiency level for
  grapes.
• Sulfur has often been included in spray programs.
• If petiole S is above 0.1 we consider it
  adequate.
• If petiole S drops below 0.1
• Use S containing forms of fertilizer in your
  fertility program.
• Use S containing fungicides in your disease
  control program if the varieties are not
  S-sensitive.

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Boron (B)(25 50 ppm)

• Can be low in many Midwest soils.
• B is involve in fruit set.
• Improves the rate of pollen tube grow and thereby
  improve fertilization of the flowers.
• If there is a need for B.
• 4-6 lb B / A as a soil application.
• Pre- and post-bloom foliar applications of
  Solubor (20 B) at a rate of 2 to 4 lb/A per
  application.
• First application at about the 10-inch stage of
  shoot growth.
• Post bloom application, if needed.
• Tight vs loose clustered variety?

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Copper (Cu)(5 15 ppm)

• Can be low on sandy or high pH soils.
• If Cu is low.
• Include a few applications of Bordeaux (copper
  sulfate or a fixed copper plus hydated lime) in
  the disease control program.
• If it is a Cu-sensitive variety, apply a dormant
  application of Cu.
• It has some benefit in controlling grape
  anthracnose.

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Manganese (Mn)(31 150 ppm)

• Can be low on many soils.
• If Mn is low.
• Include Mn-containing fungicides in your disease
  control program.
• mancozeb (Dithane M-45, Maneb, Penncozeb)
• Contain 16 Mn, 2 Zn.
• 66 day pre-harvest interval.
• Apply a chelated form of Mn as a foliar spray.
• Can be excessive (gt 700 ppm) on low pH soils.

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Zinc (Zn)(30 50 ppm)

• Can be low on many soils.
• If Zn is low.
• Soil application of zinc sulfate to bring the
  available Zn up to 10 lb/A.
• Include Zn-containing fungicides in your disease
  control program.
• mancozeb (Dithane M-45, Maneb, Penncozeb)
• Contain 2 Zn, 16 Mn.
• 66 day pre-harvest interval.
• Ziram
• Contains 16 Zn.
• 21 day pre-harvest interval.
• Apply a chelated form of Zn as a foliar spray
  (refer to label).

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Iron (Fe)(31 50 (200) ppm)

• Can be low on high pH soils (gt 7.4) and some
  sandy soils.
• If Fe is low.
• Apply Fe chelate as a foliar spray at a rate of
  1-2 lb/A. per application.
• Start early and repeat every 10-20 days (refer to
  label).
• Take measures to lower the soil pH.
• Soil application of iron sulfate may be of
  benefit on a sandy soil (western Nebraska soils).

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Molybdenum (Mo)(0.3 1.5 ppm)

• Has not been found to be a problem in the Midwest.

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