Abused dugs from plant source

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Abused Drugs From Plant Source
By Nagwa Shoeib Assistant Professor Dept. of
Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy
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Topics of the lecture

• Definitions
• Classes of abused drugs
• Narcotic analgesics opium
• Depressants Alcohol
• Hallucinogens LSD, morning glories, magic
  mushrooms, peyote cannabis
• Stimulants Cocaine, Khat tobacco.
• Conclusion

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Drug abuse and Addiction

• Intake of drugs for reasons other than medical in
  a manner that affects physical or mental
  functioning is termed drug abuse.
• Any abuse can lead to addiction.

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• Tolerance refers to a condition where the user
  needs more and more of the drug to experience the
  same effect.
• Dependence (physical and psychological ).
• The person becomes dependent and starts feeling
  uncomfortable in the absence of the drug.
• Withdrawal symptoms When the drug intake is
  stopped, withdrawal symptoms are experienced.
• Physical as tremors and vomiting.
• Psychological as restlessness or depression.

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Abused drugs from plant source
A - Narcotic Analgesics
B - Depressants
C - Hallucinogens
D - Stimulants
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A - Narcotic Analgesics

• Narcotic agents are potent
• analgesics which are
  effective
• for the relief of severe
  pain
• Opium is the milky exudate of the unripe capsules
  of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum).

Opium
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Opium

• Opium contains more than 30 alkaloids of which
  the major components are morphine, codeine,
  thebaine, papaverine and noscapine.
• The plant was cultivated in the ancient
  civilizations of Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia.

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Morphine

• Morphine exerts a narcotic action manifested by
  analgesia, drowsiness, changes in mood, and
  mental clouding.
• Morphine remains one of the most valuable
  analgesics for relief of severe pain.

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Codeine

• It effectively depresses the cough centre, so has
  valuable antitussive action, helping to relieve
  and prevent coughing.
• Codeine is a relatively safe non-addicting medium
  analgesic.
• Codeine 1/10
• the potency of morphine

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Heroin

• A potent semisynthetic narcotic which is derived
  from morphine. Heroin has been estimated six
  times stronger than morphine.
• Heroin was synthesized in the Bayer Laboratory
  in Germany by the chemist, Heinrich Dreser. It
  was supposed to function as a pain reliever that
  would be more powerful and less addictive than
  morphine.

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Route of administration
Heroin

• Heroin can be snorted, injected or smoked
• Effect of the drug
• Euphoria
• Drowsiness
• Dry mouth, dry skin
• Constipation
• Respiratory depression
• Slowed heart rate and drop in blood pressure
• Overdose of heroin can cause convulsions, coma
  and death

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Withdrawal Symptoms

• Disorientation
• Runny nose
• Watery eyes
• Diarrhea
• Insomnia
• Pain/muscle cramps
• Alternating chills and profuse sweating

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B- Depressants

• Drugs which depress or slow down the functions of
  the central nervous system
• Ethanol CH3CH2OH
• Ethyl alcohol is prepared by different methods,
  one of them is through fermentation of sugars in
  presence of yeast.

Alcohol
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Effect of Alcohol

• Relief from anxiety and tension
• Euphoria
• Poor motor coordination
• Impaired concentration and judgment
• Slurred speech and blurred vision
• Sedation, sleep with larger doses
• Prolonged use leads to liver cirrhosis, cancer

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Withdrawal Symptoms

• Tremors
• Insomnia
• Irritability and restlessness
• Hallucinations
• Convulsions

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C- Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens are drugs which affect perception,
  emotions and mental processes
• LSD is one of the most powerful hallucinogens
  that radically changes a persons mental state by
  distorting the perception of reality.

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LSD
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Ergot LSD

• Ergot is a fungal disease of rye, barley and
  wheat caused by fungi Cleviceps purpurea.
• The disease appears as a blackish-purple club
  shaped growth (sclerotium).
• Ergot body contains a number
• of alkaloids including lysergic acid
• (from which LSD is made),
• ergotamine and ergometrine.

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LSD

• LSD is usually taken orally. Sometimes it is
  injected or inhaled as well.
• An effective oral dose is from 30 to 50 µg.
• Experiences can vary from beautiful visions to
  living nightmares.
• Although the drug is not addictive, it can lead
  to schizophrenia and there is a danger of serious
  physical accidents.

Lysergic acid
LSD
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Morning Glories

• Ipomoea tricolor Ipomoea burmanni
• The seeds contain the alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic
  acid amide), better known as natural LSD.

Lysergic acid amide
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• Psilocybe
• Psilocybe cubensis, This species contains
  psilocybin a hallucinogenic toxin.

Magic Mushrooms
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• Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
• The principle toxin is ibotenic acid, Ibotenic
  acid is converted to the more powerful form
  muscimol in the body

ibotenic acid
muscimol
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Peyote

• Peyote comes from the crowns of a cactus
  (Lophophora williamsii).
• The active ingredient is mescaline.

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CANNABIS

• Cannabis (both depressant and hallucinogen).
• Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa)
• Marijuana
• Hashish
• Hashish oil

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Marijuana

• Marijuana is a tobacco like substance produced by
  drying the leaves and flowering tops of the
  cannabis plant.
• The major constituents are termed cannabinoids,
  the principal psychoactive agent is
  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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Hashish (Cannabis resin)

• Hashish is a preparation of cannabis comprised of
  the compressed hairs collected from the Cannabis
  plant.
• By rubbing the flowering tops, the resin secreted
  by the glandular hairs can be released and
  scraped off.

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Hashish (Cannabis resin)

• It contains the same active ingredients as
  cannabis
• (but in higher concentrations).

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Hashish oil (Cannabis oil)

• A potent form of cannabis, produced by alcoholic
  extract of Cannabis resin.

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CANNABIS

• How it is used
• Cannabis is smoked and sometimes ingested.
• Effect of the drug
• Euphoria
• Mild hallucinations
• Increased relaxation
• Disorientation
• Increased appetite

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Negative Effects of cannabis

• Impaired speech
• Loss of memory, lack of mental focus
• Inability to concentrate, mood swings
• Blurred vision, infertility
• Sinusitis, bronchitis or lung cancer
• Pregnancy complications and panic disorder.
• A breastfeeding mother can pass THC to her baby
  through breast milk.

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D - STIMULANTS

• Drugs which excite or speed up the central
  nervous system.
• Cocaine is the main alkaloid of coca leaves.
• Cocaine (cocaine HCL) and Crack Cocaine (Cocaine
  HCL, baking soda,
• dissolved in water and heated)

Cocaine
cocaine powder
Vials of crack cocaine
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Cocaine

• How it is used
• Cocaine is most commonly snorted, can be injected
  or smoked.
• Crack cocaine must be smoked.
• Effect of the drug
• Increased alertness, euphoria, and excitation
• Increased blood rate/pulse
• Insomnia
• Lack of appetite

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Withdrawal Symptoms

• Extreme fatigue
• Disturbed sleep
• Voracious appetite
• Moderate to severe depression

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Khat

• The fresh leaves of Catha edulis, a small tree.
• They are chewed for a stimulant effect, alleviate
  hunger and fatigue.
• It is widely employed in Africa and Arab
  countries particularly in Yemen for chewing.

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Khat

• The active principal of fresh leaves is cathinone
• Which changes to cathine in dried leaves.

Amphetamine
Amphetamine
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Side effects of khat

• Prolonged chewing of the fresh leaves has caused
  mania, insomnia, hypertension.
• Withdrawal has been known to produce lethargy and
  nightmares.
• The incidence of carcinoma of the oral cavity in
  khat users.

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Tobacco

• Tobacco comes from the leaves of the tobacco
  plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It contains nicotine
  which is highly addictive.

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Negative Effects of tobacco

• Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases
  affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being
  a major risk factor for
• Heart attacks
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Emphysema
• Cancer

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In summary

• Not all natural products are safe
• Lifestyle habits including street drugs,
  alcohol, cigarette smoking etc. are often thought
  of by the public to be "safe". The truth is that
  these chemicals are likely even worse than some
  of the most toxic chemotherapeutic cancer drugs
  that are used in medicine.
• Thanks God for being Muslims.

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Thank you
Any Question