RAID 406

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Epidemiological Approach
in Health Research
RAID 406
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Concept to take home

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?? 2550 ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????
? ?????????????? ??.???????? ?????? Short course
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??.?????????????????????????? ????????????????????
2 ??????????? ?????????????? Sputum AFB 1
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?????

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  ??????????????? ????????????????

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  ??????

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????????????????

• Tenacity (??????? ?????)
• Authority (?????????? ????????????)
• Intuition (?????????? ??????????)
• Trial error (?????? ??????)
• Research (??????????????)

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???????????????????????????????

• Bio-medical research
• Clinical research
• Epidemiological research
• Health system research
• Clinical health economic research
• Social behavioral research
• Action research
• Research development

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???????????????
?????????????

• ????? ????? ????????

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??????? / ???????
Conceptual framework
??????
???????????????? ?????? / ???????????? /
??????????
?????????? /??????????????? / ?????
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?????????????(Literature reviews)

• ??????????????????
• ???????? ??????
• ????? internet
• ?????????????????????????? (Stakeholders)

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???????????????
?????????
??????????
Adequate subjects? /Technical expertise?
Affordable in timemoney?/Possible to measure
variables?
F easible
To the investigator To the stakeholders
I nteresting
N ovel
To the field?
E thical
Harm to subjects? Subject confidentiality?
To scientific knowledge/theory? To health
policy?, Burden?
R elevance
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????????????????

• ??????????
• ?????????? (???????????? who,what,where,when)
• ????????????? (???????????? association,
  cause)
• ?????????? (???????????? why and how)

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????????????????????????????
???????
????????????? (research questions)
Coverage (????????????)
????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
Adherence (?????????????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? course?
Continuity (?????????????)
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??????
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?????? ????????
Appropriateness (???????????)
Satisfaction (???????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????
Accessibility (???????????????????)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ?
Effectiveness (??????????)
??????????? DOTS ?????????????????????????????????
????????
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???????????????????????

• ????????????
• - ????????????????
• - ???????????????

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• - ??????????
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???????????????????(Conceptual framework)
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?????????????????????????? ?
???????????
??? ????? ????????????? ???????????????
?????? 30 ??? ??????? / ?????????? ?????????/
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???????????
?????????????????????? ?????????? TB
????????????????
- ??????????????????????????? -
??????????????????????? - ????????????????????
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?????????? Guideline ?????????????
???????/????????? ??????????? ???????
??? Active management
PPH
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????????????????

• ?????????????? (Study design)
• ??????????????? (Target population)
• ???????????? (Study population)
• ????????????? (Sample population) ,
  ??????????????????????? (Sample size sampling
  technique)
• ?????????? (Instruments)
• ?????????????????????? (Data collection
  Analysis)

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Study Design

• 
  
  
• Quantitative study
• Explanation, prediction
• Test theories
• Known variables
• Large sample
• Standardized instruments
• Deductive

• Qualitative study
• Explanation, description
• Build theories
• Unknown variables
• Small sample
• Observations, interviews, Focus group
• Inductive

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Epidemiological study designs (Quantitative)
Case study / Case series
Experimental
Cross sectional
Descriptive
Study Desings
No comparison group
Longitudinal
Ecological
Cross sectional
Observational
Comparison group
Case-control
Analytical
Cohort
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Target population
Population to be Studied
exclusion
inclusion
Sampling technique ?
Sample
Sample size ?
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Sample size calculation
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??????????????? (sampling technique)

• 1. Probability sampling
• 1.1 simple random
• 1.2 stratified random
• 1.3 systematic
• 1.4 cluster

• 2. Non-probability sampling
• 2.1 purposive
• 2.2 convenient
• 2.3 Accidental

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???????????????????? (Instruments)

• ????????? (Questionnaires)
• ??????? (Equipments)
• ??????????????? (Record forms)

????????????? (Data collection)

• ??????????????? (Pre-test)
• ???????????? (Quality control)

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???????????

• Primary data
• ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????
• Secondary data ?????????????
• ???????????????? (??????????/?????????)
• ????????????? ????????????
• ????????? (database) ???????????? ???

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??????????????? (Data analysis)

• ??????????????? (Descriptive statistics) ????
• ?????????, ???????????????????
• ??????? , ??????
• ??????????????? (Inferential statistics) ????
• Chi-square , p-value
• Student t-test , p-value
• Correlation , p-value

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?????????????? (Interpretation)

• ???????????????? (statistical significance)
• - Reject of a null hypothesis -
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  - ???????? P-value lt 0.05
• ????????????????? (clinical significance)

Remember !P-value (probability value)
?????????????????????????????????
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??????? (Implementation)

• ???????? (Report)
• ?????????????? (Publication)
• ???????????????? (Critiques)

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(No Transcript)
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Random Error Systematic Error

• Random Error (noise)
• Random error is caused by any factors that
  randomly affect measurement of the variable
  across the sample.
• The important property of random error is that it
  adds variability to the data but does not affect
  average performance for the group.

• Systematic Error (bias )
• Systematic error is caused by any factors that
  systematically affect measurement of the variable
  across the sample.
• Unlike random error, systematic errors tend to be
  consistently either positive or negative

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Summary

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  ??????????????????)
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