????? ?????? ???? ??????? Food spoilage

1
????? ?????? ???? ??????? Food spoilage
2
???? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
??????
3
???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??
1- ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? . 2-
??????? ???????? ( ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ).
???????? ????????? ( ??? ????? ???? ????? ??
?????? ?????? ). 3- ??????? ??????? ( ???
????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ).
4

• ???? ???????? Spoilage of vegetables

???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????
????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????
??????.
5

• ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
  ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???
  ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????????.

6
?- ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????
??????? Bacterial spoilage of fresh vegetables

• ???? ?????? Erwinia carotovora ???? ????? ?????
  ???????? Pseudomonas ?????? ???????? ????? ???
  ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? Bacillus,
  Clostridium ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
  ????? ???????? ????? ??? .

7

• ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
  ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?
  ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??
  ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? .

8
? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????
Fungal sooilage of fresh vegetables

• ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????
  ????? ?????? ???? Colletotrichum ???? ???? ?????
  ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????.
  anthracnose ????? ????? Gleosporium ???? ????
  ??????? ????? ??? lenticel rot

9
????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
???????? ???????? ???????

• 1- ?????? ?????? ??????? Gray mold rot
• ????? ????? Botrytis cinerea ????? ?????
  ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????

10
????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???
??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????
?????? ??????? .
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
2- ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? sour ,oospora, watery
soft rot
???? ????? Geotrichum candidum ????? ??????
??? ????? ?? ?????? , ????? ????? ??? ????? ??
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????
???????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???
?????? ??????? .
14
Sour rot
15
Watery soft rot
16
3- ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? Rhizopus soft
rot

• ????? ????? Rhizopus stolonifer ???????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? .
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ( ???? ??? ) ???
  ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????.

17

• ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
  ?????? ??????? ????? ( ???????? ??????????? ?????
  ).

18
(No Transcript)
19
4- ???? ?????????? Phytophora rot ???? ?????
?????? ????? ???? phytphora ?????? ??? ????? ??
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????
??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
?????? .
20
(No Transcript)
21
5- ??????????? Anthracnose ???? ??? ????? ??
?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
??????? ??????? ?????? Colletrichum coccodes
???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
22

• ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? .

23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
???? ??????? Spoilage of fruits

• ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
  ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????
  ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????
  ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? .

26

• ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????
  ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? Erwinia ??????
  ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? Erwinia rot .

27
???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? Spoilage
of meats ,poultry and seafoods

• ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ??? ???
• ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
• ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.

28

• ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? (EH)???
  ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????
  ??????.
• ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????
  ????? ????????.
• ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????.

29

• ???? ?????? ??????? Spoilage of
  fresh meats
• ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ?????
• 1- ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????ATP ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

2- ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??
???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ((Eh.
30

• 3- ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? .
• 4- ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???
  ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
• 5- ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????
  ATP?????.
• 6- ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???
  ????????.

31
(???? ????? (glycolysis ????? ??? ??? ?????
????? ????? ????????. 7-????? ????? ?????????
?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????
??????. 8- ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
??????????.
32
????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???
??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????
???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????????
?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????
???????????????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????
????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.
33

• ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????
  Clostridium ?Enterobacteriaceae .
• ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ???????Rhizopus , Mucor ,Cladosporium???? ?????
  ??????? (black spot) .
• ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????

34
?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????
???????Torulopsis ,Rhodotorula ,Candida ??
????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????
pseudomonas,Acinetobacter. ????? ??????
??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??
?????? ?????? ??????.
35

• ???????? ???? ?????? Mechanism of meat
  spoilage
• ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????
  ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????
  H2O???????? ??????.

36

• ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????
  ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??
  ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
• ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
  ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???
  ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????

37
????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????
?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????
????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????
??? ???????? ????????.
38
(No Transcript)
39

• ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????

?-???????Sliminess ????? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
Lactobacillus,Streptococci ???? ????? ???????.
Lactobacillus
Streptococc
40

• ?- ??????? Souring
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ??????? ? Lactobacillus?Streptococci
  ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
  ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????
  ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

41

• ?- ????????Greening
• ????? ??????? Lactobacilli ?????? ??????
  ???????? Leuconostoc
• ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????
  ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????
  ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ?? ??????.

42
???? ??????? Spoilage of poultry
????????? ??????? ???? Pseudomonas ??????? ???
?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????
??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
???????? ????? ??????? ?????????
Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Acinobacter
43

• ?????? ?? ????? enterobacteriaceae ????????
  ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
  ????? ???????? .

44
???? ??????? ???????? ??????? Spoilage of fish
and sea foods
??????? Fish
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????
????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????????
????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??
???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????
???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????.
45
(No Transcript)
46
???? ?????
Spoilage of eggs -
????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
???????? ??????? 1- ????? ????? ??????.
2- ????? Lysozyme ?????? ???? ???? ?????????
??????? ?????. 3- ???? ???????? Avidin ????
????? ?? ???????? Biotin ?? ???? ???? Complex
. 4-?????? ???? ??? ?????? P.H
47
(No Transcript)
48
???? ???? ????? Yolk ????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??????? ???????.
?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????
- Pseudomonas , Acinobacter , Salmonella ,
Micrococcus , Eshrichia , Alcaligenes , Aeromonas
, Proteus , Staphylococcus
49
????? ??????? - Mucer , Penicillium ,
Cladosporium , Homodendron, ??? ?????? ????? ??
??? ?????? ???? ??? Torula ?? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? .
50

• ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? Rotting ???
  ??????
• Green rots ?????? ??????? Pseudomonas
• Colorless rots ????? ??????? Pseudomonas ,
  Acinetobacter

51
Black rots ????? ??????? Pseudomonas , Proteus
, Aeromonas
Pink rots ????? ??????? Pseudomonas Red rots
????? ??????? Serratia Custard rots ?????
??????? Proteus
52
???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????

• Spoilage of cerals , flour , doughs and bakery
  products

53
???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
???????? ????????.
????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
?????????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? .
54

• ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????
  ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? Bacillus
  ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
  ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???
  ??? ??????? ?????????.

55
???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????
????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????
??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? Amylase ????
??? Rhizopus ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? Streptococcus
, Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc ?????? ???????
????????.
56
????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????
?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
????? ???????.
??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? Rhizopus
stolonifer ??????? ???? ??? ????? Bread mold
??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? Neurospora sitophila
????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? Red bread
???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??
??????? ???? Ropiness .
57
?????????? ??????? ????????? Bacillus subtilis,
B.mesentricus ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????.
58

• ???? ?????? ??????? spoilage and dairy products
• ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????.
• ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???
  ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??
  ??????? ????????? ???
• Streptococcus, Proteus, Micrococcus,
  Propionobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc,
  Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Coliforms.

59

• ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ???????? thermoduric (? ???? Lactobacilli
  , Streptococcus , ? ??? Bacillus ?????? ????????
  ).

60
Coliforms
Bacillus
Leuconostoc
Micrococcus
Pseudomonas
Proteus
61

• ? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
• ?- ?????? ?????? Surfiace taint putridity ??????
  ?????? Psedomonas putrefaciens
• ?- ?????? Rancidity ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????? ??? , ????? ???? ??????
  Psedomonas .

Psedomonas
62
??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????? Cladosporium ,Alterania
,Aspergillus ,Mucor ,Rhizopus ,Penicillium
,Geotrichum ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????
(?????) ??????? ???? ????? ??? .
63
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Cladosporium
Geotrichum
Rhizopus
Mucor
64

• ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
  ???????(??????,??????,???,?????) ??? ??????
  Alcaligenes
• (???? ?????? ??????? ???? slimy card )
• Psedomonas, proteus ,Enterobacter,,????????? ??
  ????? Geotrichum,Mucor,Alternaria,Pencillium .

Alcaligenes
Alternaria
65

• ???? ????? ????????? ???????? Spoilage of
  sugar,candies and spices
• ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? Clostridium ,
  Bacillus ??? ?????? ????? ????????? .????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????.

Saccharomyces
66

• ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ???
• Trula , Saccharomyces ?????? ?? ??????? ??
  ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
• Conversion of sugar .

67

• ???? ?????? Clostridium sporogenese
• ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???
  ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??
  ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? .

68

• ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????
  ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ??????Proteus , Bacillus
• ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? .
• ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????
  ??????? ???????? , ??????????? ???????? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????
  Zygosaccharomyces ??? Z.mellis ?? ??????? ????
  Torula .

69

• ?- ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????
  ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????
  .
• ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????
  ??????.
• ?- ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????
  ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????
  ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? .

70

• ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? , ????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????,
  ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ,
  ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????
  .
• ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? Spoiling of nutmeats
• ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? (?????? ,
  ????? , ????? ???????? ??? ) ??? ??? ?????? ??
  ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????
  ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
  ???????.

71

• ???? ??????? ???????? Spoiling of fermented
  foods
• ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ,
  ????? ??? ??????? .
• ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
  ??????? ??????? Sauerkraut ???? ?? ??? ??????
  ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ,???? ????
  ??? ??????? ph ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 3.1 3.7
  .

72

• ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ??
• Soft kraut ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.
• Slimy kraut ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
  Lactobacillus cucumeris ??????? L.plantarum ?????
  ??? ????? ??????? ???????? .
• Rotted kraut ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???
  ??? ??????? ??????? .

73

• ?- pink kraut ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ????? Torula.
• ???????? pickles
• ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 4 .

74

• ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ??
• ?????? ???????? pickle blacking ?????
  ?????? Bacillus nigrificans .
• Bloaters ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ,
  Pediococcu
• Enterobacter , Lactobacillus .

75

• ?? - Pickle softening ?????? ??????? ???????
  ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? , ???
  ?????? Bacillus ??????? ????? Fusarium ,
  Aspergillus , Mucor , Alternaria , Cladosporium
  , Phoma , Penicillium .

76

• ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????
  ????????? ?? ??
• Zapetra spoilage ?????? ??? ????? ?????
  ???????? Propionebacterium .
• Softening ?????? ??????? ?? ??? Rhodotorula .
• ??-Sloughing ?????? ??? Cellulomonas flavigena.

77

• ???? ??????? ??????? Spoilage of canned food
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??? ???
  ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????
  ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????
  ????? ??? ?????? . ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???
  ?????? ????? ????????? .
• ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 3 ????? ??? ????
  ???????
• ?- ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??? ??????? pH
  ???? ?? 4,6 ) ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????
  ???? ????? ???????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? thermophilic
  flat-sour group .
• ??? Clostridium butyricum , Clostridium
  pasteurianium ) .

Clostridium
78

• ?- ????? ????? (??? ??????? pH ?? 3,7 ??? ??? ??
  4,6)
• ??? ??????? (??????? ? ????? ) ???? ?????
  ???????? (???????) . ????? ???????? ????????
  ??????? ???????? ??? (Bacillus cogaulans)
  ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????.

79

• ??- ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ??????? pH ??? ??
  3,7 )
• ??? ??????? (?????? ????, ???????) ?????????
  .
• ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???
  ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???
  ???????? .

80

• ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
• ?- ?????? ????? ????? ??????? mesophiles
• ?- ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ???????? thermophiles .
• ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
  ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? .
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????
  ??????? .

81

• ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
  ????
• ?- Flipper ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????
  ?? ????? ?????.
• ?- Springier ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
  ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? .
• ??- Soft swell ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ????? ????? .
• ?- Hard swell ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????
  ?????? .

82
????? ????? ??????? Torula, Rhodotorula,
Candida ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????
??????? ??????? ?????.
????? ??????? Sliminess ??? ????? ??????
????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.
???? ????? ?????? ?????? Souring ?? ??????
?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? Visceraltaint
?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????
??? Streptococci.
83
???? Pseudomonas ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
???????.
?????? ???? Tetrazolium ????? ?? ??? ????? ??
??????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??
??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? CO2.
84
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??
??????? ???????.
???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????
??????? ?? ???????.
????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
????????? ???- Pseudomonas , Moraxella ,
Acinobacter , Flavobacterium.
85
??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????
??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? .
?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????.
????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
86
????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
?????? ?????? Autolysis ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??
???? ??????? ????.
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????
??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??
???? ????????? Collagen .
??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????
Tri methyl amine (TMA).