Emotion

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• Emotion

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Emotion

• Emotion basic components
• Physiological arousal
• Expressive behaviors
• Consciously expressed thoughts

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4Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Two-Factor Theory
• Opponent-Process Theory

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James-Lange Theory

• Emotions are experienced in the following
  sequence
• an emotional stimulus is presented, causing one
  to experience
• , which are
  then
• consciously as an
• Presumes
• Problem some emotions have same physiological
  changes
• Examples
• When you feel your heart pound and you start to
  sweat, you get really scared

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• and
• occur at the
• Emotional stimulus is simultaneously routed to
• (awareness of
  emotion)and
• system (body arousal)
• Example

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Two-Factor Theory of EmotionAKA Schachter-Singer
Theory

• Experience of emotion depends on two factors
  and the
• of
  that arousal.
• The label people give an emotion depends on what
  they find in their environment.
• Arousal without a label is not an emotion a
  label without arousal does not lead to emotional
  behavior.
• Experiments
• Example
• See Jason

Cognitive Label Im Afraid
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Spill Over Effect

• Spill over effect- emotional arousal from one
  event spills over into our response of the next
  event
• Supports
  Theory
• -stirred up state can be experienced as one
  emotion or another very different one depending
  on how we interpret or label it
• Example

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Theories of emotions
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Opponent Process TheoryRichard Solomon

• Happiness/Sadness
• Fear/Relief
• Pleasure Pain
• Love/Hate
• Emotions disrupt homeostasisopposing emotion
  enables a return to homeostasis
• Example

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Theories of Emotion Practice

• Paul encounters a growling wild animal, and feels
  a faster heartbeat, widening eyes, and a physical
  urge to flee.
• Monica is smiling and laughing and wants to hug
  Mrs. Joseph because she just received a 5 on her
  AP Psych Exam.
• Zak just received a 1 on his AP Psych Exam
  (because he has Mr. Jeterjust kidding Mr. Jeter)
  and feels a pounding in his chest, perspiration
  runs down his face and he has an urge to hit
  someone.
• Use each of the theories of emotion to explain
  Paul, Monica and Zaks emotions

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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

• Autonomic nervous system regulates
  physiological arousal of emotion
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Arousing
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Calming

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Arousal and Performance

• Moderate arousal is ideal
• Higher on

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Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
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Brain Differences and Emotion

• Brain activity is different depending on emotion
  - consistent with the ________________Theory
• Amygdala
• Thalamus/ Right Hemisphere
• Right prefrontal cortex/frontal lobe
• Left prefrontal cortex/Frontal lobe -
• Nucleus accumbens pleasure
• Anterior cingulate cortex -

James-Lange
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Physiological Differences

• Polygraph supports ________ Theory
• Used to detect lies
• Measures
• Problems
• Anxiety, irritation, guilt have similar
  physiological activity
• Guilty Knowledge Test

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Cognition and Emotion

• Sometimes emotions cognition
  (Zajonc)
• Develop emotional preference for stimuli to which
  have been unknowingly exposed .
• Some emotions occur without cognition,
  the (LeDoux).Go directly from
  to
• fast/ automatic emotional
  response
• Ex. Jump at rustling bushes in the forest (fear
  most likely precedes conscious thinking)
• 3. Emotions arise when we appraise event to be
  beneficial or harmful whether we know it or
  not(Lazarus)

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Injecting a person with an excitatory chemical
that activates the sympathetic nervous system is
likely to increase his or her subjective
experience of intense fear and anxiety. Use one
of the major theories of emotion to account for
the effects of this chemical on a person's
emotional state. Which theory of emotion would
have the greatest difficulty explaining these
effects? Why?
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Detecting Emotion

• Nonverbal cues
• Duchenne smile
• Difficult to detect lying
• better than

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Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

• better than
• Detecting emotions
• Emotional responsiveness
• Facial expressions of emotion
• Exception

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Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
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Culture and Emotional Expression

• Similarities
• Differences
• Individualistic countries
• Gestures vary

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Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion
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The Effects of Facial Expressions

• Facial feedback effect of facial expressions on
  emotion
• Example
• Behavior Feedback Theory effect of your
  behavior on emotions
• Example

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• A newspaper advice columnist suggests that
  thinking can be controlled and changed but that
  emotions are gut-level, biological reactions that
  can't be controlled or modified. Use your
  knowledge of emotion research and theory to
  either support or refute the columnist's claim.

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Basic Emotions

• 10 Basic Emotions at birth(Izard)
• Others are combo of the 10 basic

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Fear

• Adaptive value of fear
• Learned
• Conditioning -
• Observational Learning
• The biology of fear
• Phobias fear disrupts ability to cope

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• A motivational speaker claims Fear is a learned
  response! Babies are not born with fears they
  learn fears, which means fear can be unlearned!
  Use your knowledge of the relationships between
  conditioning and the biology of fear to critique
  the motivational speaker's claims.

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Anger

• Anger
• Evoked by events
• Catharsis emotional release
• Catharsis hypothesis relieves aggressive
  urges/calms temporarily if
• Example

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• Andrea is furious because her steady boyfriend
  spent half an hour talking with his former
  girlfriend at last night's school dance. A friend
  suggests that Andrea ought to get the anger out
  of her system by repeatedly pounding her pillow
  while she imagines that she is hitting her
  boyfriend. Explain why this might be an
  ineffective way for Andrea to reduce her anger.
  Suggest better ways.

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Happiness

• Happiness
• Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
• Example
• Well-being happiness/satisfaction with life
• Example

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HappinessThe Short Life of Emotional Ups and
Downs

• Watsons studies

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HappinessWealth and Well-Being
Diminishing Returns Phenomenon - Once you have
enough money for comfort, having more money isnt
as meaningful
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HappinessWealth and Well-Being
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Happiness

• Happiness and Prior Experience
• Adaptation-level phenomenon - tendency people
  have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until
  that situation becomes the norm.
• Example
• Happiness and others attainments
• Relative deprivation tendency for our personal
  happiness to be heavily influenced by others
  attainment
• Example -

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HappinessPredictors of Happiness
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• Jim, a 42-year-old engineer, is unhappy about his
  yearly salary, although it is the highest salary
  he has ever earned. His wife, Carla, suggests
  that he vividly recall how little he earned at
  the age of 32. She also recommends that he watch
  a TV program about famine victims in Africa.
• Use your understanding of psychological
  principles to explain why Carla's suggestions
  might help to increase Jim's feelings of economic
  satisfaction.

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Stress and Health

• Health psychology - subfield of psychology that
  contributes to the prevention and treatment of
  illness
• Example
• Behavioral medicine - interdisciplinary field
  that integrates and applies behavioral and
  medical knowledge to health and disease

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Stress and Illness

• Stress - process by which we perceive and
  respond to environmental threats and challenges.
• Stress appraisal
• Short-lived or perceived as challenges
• Prolonged
• Activation of sympathetic nervous system
• Fight or flight (Cannon) - Adrenal glands
  secrete
• 
  into blood steam
• (outer
  part of adrenal glands)
• Tend and befriend (women)

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Stress

• Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
• Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job,
  etc
• The more LCUs you have the higher your score is
  on the SRRS.
• Those who score higher are more likely to have
  stress related disease.

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Seyles General Adaptation Syndrome

• Describes our response to a stressful event.
• Three stages
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion
• Sources of Stress daily hassles, too many
  things to do

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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Stress and the Heart

• Coronary heart disease closing of vessels that
  nourish the heart
• Type A versus Type B (Friedman and Rosenman)
• Type A
• Type B

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Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

• Psychophysiological illnesses stress related
  physical illness
• Examples
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) how psych, neural
  and endocrine system together affect immune
  system
• Lymphocytes 2 types of white blood cells
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• Macrophage Immune system agent that ingests
  worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful
  bacteria
• Natural Killer (NK cells) - Immune system cells
  that pursue and destroy diseased body cells

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Stress and Disease

• Arthritis overactive immune system causes body
  to attack own tissue
• AIDS stress can speed progression of HIV to
  AIDS by limiting production of lymphocytes
• Cancer doesnt create cancer cells, but may
  affect their growth by suppressing the activity
  of t-lymphocytes

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• What advice would a health psychologist give to a
  student about the stress of an AP exam? What are
  the potential benefits of this stressor, and what
  are the possible disadvantages of long-term
  stress?