Ecosan

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Ecosan some examples of multiple use of
household wastewater

• Adriaan Mels, Okke Braadbaart, Jules van Lier and
  Grietje Zeeman

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Outline

• SWITCH
• A bit of history on excreta reuse
• The constraints nowadays
• What are the recyclable components
• Examples (Jordan, Beijing, Lima, Sweden,
  Netherlands)

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Multiple use of municipal wastewater
Linear flow of conventional systems
Circular flow of Ecological Sanitation
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Otterpohl, 2000
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SWITCH Ecological sanitation

• Adoption and performance of established (demo)
  projects
• Fate and removal of micro pollutants
• Nutrient demand around a number of mega-cities
• Innovative transport systems
• Technical standards

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Adoption and performance

• Drivers (and barriers)
• Performance (technology selection tool)
• Public health and environmental protection
• Resources (re)use
• Technical performance
• Financial performance
• User aspects (acceptance, noise, smell, vermin,
  OM)
• Robustness

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(No Transcript)
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Feces and urine collection in Netherlands for
agricultural use (1850-1950s)
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Uit De Prijs van Poep, NOVIB
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In many regions of the world direct and indirect
use of raw, partially treated or diluted
wastewater is common practice
Irrigation channel also serving as outlet for
sewerage in Haroonabad, Pakistan (photo IWMI)
Ghana, urban agriculture with water from channels
and sewage drains (photo Jules van Lier)
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Separate collection and use of flows
Black water handle with municipal organic waste
Urine
Urine use as fertilizer
Grey water local treatment and use for toilet
flush, laundry, car wash, irrigation
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Distribution of nutrients
Volume 1.4 l per day per person on average
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Distribution of wastewater flows
Total 127 l / cap per day (The Netherlands)
Grey water (2/3 of total wastewater) is
relatively clean and can be treated locally
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Evolution of global water use
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Global depletion of P reserves
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World population not served with improved
sanitation
Source Huber Technology
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Harvestable components
Water Heat Nutrients Organic matter
Urban Wastewater (mixed) ? ? ? ?
Urban Wastewater (separated) Grey water ? ?
Black water ? ?
Urine ?
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Examples of multiple use approaches

• Urine re-use in agriculture (Sweden, Peru)
• Grey water reuse for toilet flushing and
  landscaping (Beijing, Netherlands)

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Urine sorting toilets
Anno 2005
Anno 1900
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Palsternackan Stockholm (constructed 1995)51
appartementen, 160 bewoners (urine separation)
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Collection and storage system
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Urine use in agriculture
Urine is stored for 6 months (to remove remaining
pathogens) and is directly used in agriculture
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PERU
OFFICIAL NAME Republic of Peru CAPITAL Lima
AREA 1,285,215 km2 COASTLINE 2,414
km ESTIMATED 2005 POPULATION 27,925,628
Residual water
Latrine
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AREA 1 - CENCA

• A pilot project with 55 dry ecological toilets
  in two human settlements (slums) at the East of
  Lima, called Los Topacios of Nievería and Casa
  Huerta la Campiña of Cajamarquilla

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AREA 1 - CENCA
No-mix toilet
Wetlands for grey water
Composting chambers
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AREA 2 - ALTERNATIVA

• A pilot project in Ciudad Nuevo Pachacutec in
  Ventanilla with the construction of
• - 17 water reservoirs of 1500 m3
• - 837 public water taps
• - 140 ecological toilets green gardens rabbits

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AREA 2 - ALTERNATIVA
No-mix toilet
Fat Keeper
Wetland
Men urinal
Green garden
Rabbits
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Why area matters for system performance
CENCA ALTERNATIVA
House property Inheritance Donation from government
Middle income (Soles/month) 340 530
NGO involvement after project finished Yes No
Inhabitants selected sanitation technology Yes No
Inhabitants designed their toilet Yes No
Inhabitants paid for the toilet Yes (only the 40) No
Tap water Yes No
Toilets close to each other Yes No
Inhabitants manage the system Yes No
Users identified with the system Yes No
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Separate collection and treatment of grey water

Brown water
Evt. urine
Grey water
70 - 100 l /cap. per day
Rain water
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Grey water treatment and reuse in Drielanden,
Groningen
Constructed wetland
Urban wasterscape
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Beijing, a rapidly growing city
Source Bureau of Statistic of Beijing
Municipality
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and a very water scarce city

• Current water availability is lt 300 m3 per capita
  per year
• Severe overexploitation groundwater
• The shortfall between water supply and demand is
  estimated to be around 1.8 billion cubic meters
  by 2010

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Wastewater reuse planning
Figure 1. Wastewater reuse planning for the
Beijing central region (source Jia et al., 2005)
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Wastewater reuse planning

• Current situation of wastewater reclamation
  systems in urban Beijing (note this does not
  include wastewater reuse for agricultural
  irrigation and industrial reuse
• four centralized wastewater treatment plants for
  reclamation with total treatment capacity of
  255,000 m3/day.
• 300 - 400 decentralized wastewater reclamation
  systems with treatment capacity of 50,000
  60,000 m3/day

source Water Saving Office,2006
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Management regulation on the construction of
wastewater reclamation facilities in Beijing
(1987)

• In this regulation the Beijing Municipal
  Government issued that
• hotels with construction areas exceeding 20,000
  m2 and
• all public buildings with construction areas
  exceeding 30,000 m2
• should build a decentralized reclamation
  facility.
• As of 2001 also new residential areas exceeding
  50,000 m2 fall under this regulation

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Five cases presented (of 9 investigated)
Beiluchun Residential Area
Beijing Jiaotong University
Beijing Normal University
Xin Bei Wei Hotel
BOBO Garden House Residential Area
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Technologies and capacities
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Beijing Rainbow Hotel (max. 120 m3 / day)
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Harvesting mixed wastewater
Black water
Grey water
Rain water
150- 250 l / capita per day
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Use of mixed wastewater in the Efteling, The
Netherlands
Centralised wastewater harvesting

• Situated in relatively dry area
• Restrictions on use of ground water
• Uses approximately 550.000 m3/year municipal
  effluent
• Aim irrigation of golf courts and supply of
  water systems of the park

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Case Study Jordan
? Irrigated agriculture accounts for almost 65
of all current water use
? Irrigated agriculture water demand is expected
to increase only slightly
1998 863106 m3 2020 890106 m3
? Generation of reclaimed wastewater is expected
to increase drastically
2001 73106 m3 2020 265106 m3
It is mandatory that all treatment plant
projects must include a fully designed and
feasible reuse scheme
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Conveyance sewer (40 km) to Desert-WSP system
As Samra WSP
Conveyance pipeline (40 km)
Amman (170.000 m3 sewage/day)
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Overview 200 ha Pond System at Khirbet As Samra
in Jordan
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Effluent use for agricultural irrigation
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Khirbet As Samra Waste Water Stabilisation
Ponds
Actual situation
System loaded with 2 x design flow HRT 20 days

• Effluent BOD 150-200 mg/l
• Little pathogen removal
• Odour problems
• High gas production in anaerobic ponds
• Up to 15 of incoming wastewater evaporates
• Concomitant salt increase

Current problems
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Research Implementing anaerobic treatment before
ponds
high-rate anaerobic treatment
Existing stabilisation ponds
Treated effluent
Sludge
sludge drying beds
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Anaerobic treatment followed by stabilization
ponds
Cavalcanti et al. (2003) show that at an HRT of
10 days a removal of 99.99 of E-coli is achieved
(i.e. compliance with WHO standards for
unrestricted irrigation)
Post treatment in pond systems, Bucaramanga,
Colombia

• Advantage
• Combines storage and treatment
• Relatively cheap when land is available

DMW CORPORATION, Japan
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UASB Results Sewage treatment
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Thanks for your attention