LE CORBUSIER

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LE CORBUSIER

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INTRODUCTION

• CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET NOW POPULARLY KNOWN AS
  LE CORBUSIER
• BORN ON 6th OF OCTOBER 1887 AT LA CHAUX DE FONDS
  IN SWISSJURA MOUNTAINS 4 KMS FROM FRENCH BORDER
• HE STARTED WORKING UNDER CONTRACTER PERRET, LE
  CORBUSIERS SO CALLED MASTER
• HE AS A CHILD PREPARED HIMSELF FOR A MANUAL
  OCCUPATION
• HE LEFT HIS SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 13½ YRS
• JOINED AN ART SCHOOL LATER

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CHANDIGARH

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INTRODUCTION

• SINCE PUNJAB WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS, THE
  CAPITAL WAS LEFT IN PAKISTAN THERE FORE PUNJAB IN
  INDIA REQUIRED NEW CAPITAL
• LE CORBUSIER WAS APPROACHED BY PUNJAB GOVERNMENT
  AND THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
• CHANDIGARH IS A BOLD EXPERIMENT IN MODERN CIVIC
  DESIGN
• CHANDIGARH HAS PROVOKED FRESH THINKING AND IN
  FACT SHOWN NEW WAY OF LIFE
• MAXWELL FRY, JANE DREW AND PIERRE JEANNERET WERE
  ALSO INVOLVED IN THE TEAM OF ARCHITECTS
• WHEN LE CORBUSIER ASSUMED CONTROL OF THE
  CHANDIGARH PROJECT IN 1951, HOWEVER THE DESIGN OF
  THE CITY HAD ALREADY BEEN DEVISED BY THE NEW YORK
  FIRM OF MAYER, WHITTLESEY, AND GLASS WHO RECEIVED
  A CONTRACT FOR THE MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH IN
  1950

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ALBERT MAYER THE MASTER PLAN

• MAYER WAS THE FIRST ONE TO GET THE CHANDIGARH
  PROJECT
• MATTHEW NOWICKI WAS INVITED TO JOIN THE STAFF
  ASSEMBLED TO PLAN CHANDIGARH.HIS DITIES WERE TO
  TAKE THE FORM OF ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL.
• MAYER STATED THAT HE WAS TRYING TO CREATE
  SOMETHINGTHAT REALLY APPLIES TO WHAT WE HAVE
  TALKED ABOUT MUCH BUT WHICH HAS BEEN AT BEST DONE
  IN A LIMITED WAY IN RADBUBN,THE GREENBELT TOWNS
  AND BALDWIN HILLS.
• THE BASIC AIM,STATED MAYER,WAS A BEAUTIFUL CITY.
• THE MASTER PLAN WHICH ALBERT MAYER PRODUCED FOR
  CHANDIGARH ASSUMES A FAN-SHAPED OUTLINE,SPREADING
  GENTLY TO FILL THE FILE THE SITE BETWEEN THE TWO
  RIVER BEDS.

• THE PROVINCIAL GOVT. BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED THE
  UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY WITHIN A
  FORK IN ONE OF THE RIVERS,WHILE THE CENTRAL
  BUSINESS DISTRICT OCCUPIES AN AREA NEAR THE
  CENTER.A CURVING NETWORK OF MAIN ROADS SURROUNDS
  THE RESIDENTIAL SUPERBLOCKS,EACH OF WHICH
  CONTAINS A CENTRAL AREA OF PARKLAND.

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• TWO LARGER PARKS MAY BE SEEN STRETCHING THROUGH
  THE CITY.
• THE FLATNESS OF THE SITE ALLOWED ALMOST COMPLETE
  FREEDOM IN CREATING STREET LAYOUT AND IT IS OF
  INTEREST TO NOTE HAT THE OVERALL PATTERN
  DELIBERATELY AVOIDS A GEOMETRIC GRID IN FAVOUR OF
  A LOOSELY CURVING SYSTEM.
• THE DEATH OF NOWICKI NECESSITATED THE SELECTION
  OF A NEW ARCHITECT FOR CHANDIGARH.
• IT WAS THE MINISTER OF PLANNING WHO SUGGISTED
  LE-CORBUISER AND WHO ALSO RECOMMENDED THE
  INCLUSION OF PIERRE JEANNERET WHOM HE TERMED A
  GOOD DETAIL MAN.

• THE PROVINCIAL GOVT. BUILDINGS ARE LOCATED THE
  UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY WITHIN A
  FORK IN ONE OF THE RIVERS,WHILE THE CENTRAL
  BUSINESS DISTRICT OCCUPIES AN AREA NEAR THE
  CENTER.A CURVING NETWORK OF MAIN ROADS SURROUNDS
  THE RESIDENTIAL SUPERBLOCKS,EACH OF WHICH
  CONTAINS A CENTRAL AREA OF PARKLAND.

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MASTER PLAN

• IN 1951 IT WAS GIVEN TO LE CORBUSIER
• IN CHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIER SYTEM OF SELF
  SUPPORTING NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT KNOWN AS A SECTOR
  HAS WORKED VERY WELL
• SECTOR WHICH IS INTROVERTED IN CHARACTER
  COMMUNICATES ONLY AT 4 JUNCTIONS WITH THE
  ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITS
• ALL THE HOUSES OPEN UP INSIDE
• GRID PLANNING IS DONE
• CHANDIGARH PLANNING WAS DONE IN AN MANNER THAT
  EVERYTHING WAS EASILY CLEAR ABOUT THE ROUTES AND
  SECTORS
• 7 VS ROAD SYSTEM IS USED
• THE ROADS ARE CLASSIFIED AS V1 ,V2 ,V3V7
• V1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES

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PLAN OF THE CITY
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• V2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY E.G MADHYA
  MARG ETC
• V3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR
  TRAFFIC ONLY
• V4..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS
• CHANDI GARH HAS BEEN PLANNED ON THE SCIENTIFIC
  PRINCIPLES AND TO APPRISE THE COMING GENERATION
  OF THESE PRINCIPLES
• THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS EDICT ARE ITS-
• HUMAN SCALE
• SELF SUFFICIENT SECTORS
• ROADS SYSTEM
• AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST
• ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL

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THREE DISCIPLINES

• THE DISCIPLINE OF MONEY
• LE CORBUISER ONCE REMARKED THATINDIA HASTHE
  TREASURES OF A PROUD CULTURE,BUT HER COFFERS ARE
  EMPTY. AND THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT THE DESIRE FOR
  GRANDNESS WAS HAMPERED BY THE NEED FOR STRICT
  ECONOMY.
• IN WORKING UP HIS DESIGNS,LE CORBUISER CONSULTED
  THE PROGRAM FOR EACH BUILDING AS GIVEN IN THE
  BUDGET AND THEN PREPARED THE INITIAL PROJECT.
• THE DISCIPLINE OF TECHNOLOGY
• AVAILABLE IN QUANTITY,HOWEVER,WAS GOOD CLAY STONE
  AND SAND,AND,ABOVE ALLHUMAN LABOUR.
• THE MATERIALS OF WHICH CHANDIGARH HAS BEN
  CONSTRUCTED ARE ROUGH CONCRETE IN THE CAPITOL
  COMPLEX AND THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND FOR
  MOST OF THE CITY,ESPECIALLY IN HOUSING,LOCALLY
  PRODUCED BRICK.

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• THE DISCIPLINE OF CLIMATE
• BESIDES THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL
  REGULATONS THERE WAS A LAW OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
• THE ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM CONSISTSFIRST TO MAKE
  SHADE,SECOND TO MAKE A CURRENT OF AIRTO
  VENTILATE,THIRD TO CONTROL HYDRAULICS.

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THE SECTOR

• TAKING CHANDIGARH AS AN EXAMPLE,WE MAY SEE AT
  ONCE THE DEMOCRATIC IDEA WHICH ALLOWS US TO
  DEVOTE AN EQUAL CARE TO HOUSING ALL CLASSES OF
  SOCIETY TO SEK NEW SOCIAL GROUPINGS, NEW PATTERNS
  OF EDUCATION AND PUBLIC WELFARE,AND MADE MORE
  POSSIBLE BY PRACTICAL APLICATOIN OF THE
  SCIENTIFIC IDEA WHICH THROUGH INDUSTRIALISM,GIVES
  US SUCH BENEFITS AS PIPED WATER,ELECRICITY AND
  CHEAP TRANSPORT.
• EACH SECTOR IS DESIGNATED BY NUMBER,THE CAPITAL
  COMPLEX BEING NUMBER 1,WITH THE REMAINING SECTORS
  NUMBERED CONSECUTIVELY BEGINNING AT THE NORTH
  CORNER OF THE CITY.
• AT PRESENT THERE ARE 30 SECTORS IN CHANDIGARH,OF
  WHICH 24 ARE RESIDENTIAL.
• THE SECTORS AT THE UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY ARE OF
  ABBREVIATED SIZE.

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• IN ALL TYPE OF HOUSING ,PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE
  GLAZING EXPENSE,PARTLY TO KEEP OUT SUN.
• AS THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND READILY AVAILABLE
  MATERIAL FOR BUILDING AT CHANDIGARH WAS LOCALLY
  MADE BRICK.
• THIS BECAME THE MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.
• THE FLAT ROOF WAS EMPLOYED THROUGH OUT IN
  CHANDIGARH HOUSING BECAUSE OF ITS USEFULNESS AS A
  SLEEPING AREA
• 70 OF THE BUILDING WOULD BE PRIVATE IN ALL THE
  SECTORS.
• RESIDENTIAL PLOTS RANGING IN DIMENSIONS FROM 75
  SQ. YARDS TO 5000 SQ YARDS.

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• THIS IS BECAUSE THE CAPITOL COMPLEX IS CONTAINED
  WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF SECTOR 3 EXTENTED TO ITS
  FULL DIMENSIONS.
• GOVERNMENT HOUSING
• LE-CORBUISER WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GENERAL
  OUTLINES OF THE MASTER PLAN AND THE CREATION OF
  THE MONUMENTAL BUILDLINGS,WHILE PIERRE
  JEANNERET,MAXWELL FRY AND JANE DREW WERE CHARGED
  WITH THE TASK OF DEVELOPING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
  SECTORS WITH THEIR SCHOOLS,SHOPPING BAZAARS,AND
  THE TRACTS OF GOVERNMENT HOUSING.
• IN THE PROGRAM PRESENTED TO THE ARCHITECTS,13
  CATEGORIES OF HOUSES WERE SPECIFIED,EACH
  CORRESPONDING TO A LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT
  EMPLOYMENT.
• SMALL WINDOWS OPENINGS HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY
  EMPLOYED

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• CHANDIGARH UT IS SPREAD OVER AN AREA OF 114SQ KMS
  INCLUDING MANIMAJRA AND BURAIL
• THE BIRTH OF CHANDIGARH HAS NOT INFLUENCED ONLY
  THE NORTH WEST REGION BUT THE WHOLE COUNTRY IN
  THE MATTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING
• PROJECTS HE HANDLED WERE CAPITOL COMPLEX,
  HOUSING, MUSEUM, CITY PLAZA ETC

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THE CAPITOL COMPLEX

• THE AREA OF THE GREATEST SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE IN
  CHANDIGARH WAS THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , WHICH IN ITS
  FINAL FORM WAS BASED ON THE DESIGN OF A GRAET
  CROSS AXIS
• THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP OF THE BUILDINGS
  CONSTITUTING THE CAPITOL- RIGHT, THE PARLIAMENT,
  LEFT,IN THE BACKGROUND, THE SECRETARIAT
• IN THE FOREGROUND, THE POOL OF THE PALACE OF
  JUSTICE
• THE ARTIFICIAL HILLS IN THE FRONT OF THE
  SECRETARIAT HAVE NOT BEEN CREATED AND LAID OUT IN
  ACCORDANCE WITH COEBUSIERS CONCEPTIONS
• ALTHOUGH THE SCENE IS HARMONIUS IN EFFECT, THERE
  ARE STILL MISSING THE BUILDINGS THAT BELONG HERE
  ,SUCH AS , FOR INSTANCE, THE TOWERS OF SHADOWS

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SITE PLAN

OPEN HAND
GOVERNOR,S PALACE
HIGH COURT
ASSEMBLY
SECRETARIAT
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• HERE THE SECRETARIAT BUILDING IS TREATED AS A
  HORIZONTAL PLATFORM LIKE THE PLAIN OF CHANDIGARH
  ITSELF,CARRYING ON ITS ROOF THE PROVINCIAL
  ASSEMBLY HALL RISING IN A PARABOLIC ARCH, A FORM
  ECHOING THE DISTANT HILLS
• AS A RESPONSE TO THE SUN, THE CAPITOL COMPLEX
  CAN BE INTERPERATED AS AN INTERLACED ARRAY OF SUN
  BREAKERS
• INSPIRATION FROM L,UNITE
• IT LIES IN THE FOOT OF SHIVALIK HILLSJUST NEXT TO
  ARTIFICIAL LAKE
• GOVERNOR,S PALACE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE IN THE SITE
  BUT THE IDEA WAS ABANDONED
• THE CAPITOL AREA WAS DESIGNED AS THE GREAT
  PEDISTRIAN PLAZA WITH MOTOR TRAFFIC SEPARATED
  INTO SUNKEN TRENCHES LEADING TO PARKING AREAS
• ALTHOUGH THE SITE IS VERY BIG,IT IS NOT DESIGNED
  WITH ALLOWENCE FOR EXPANSION

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THE SECRETARIAT,1958
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THE SECRETARIAT

• THE FIRST DESIGN FOR THE SECRETARIAT PRESENTS THE
  BUILDING AS A TALL THIN SLAB CARRYING A SURFACE
  BRISE SOLEIL DIVIDED BY A CENTRAL HORIZONTAL BAND
  
• THE DESIGN WHICH WAS ACCEPTED ESTABLISHED THE
  BUILDING FORM AS A LONG ,HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLAB
• THE SECRETARIAT, THE LONGEST BUILDING IN
  CHANDIGARH, 254M LONG,AND 42M HIGHFORMS THE
  ADMINSTRATIVE CENTER,WITH MINISTERAL OFFICES
  GROUPED IN THE CENTER AND OFFICES FOR EMPLOYEES
  ARRANGED ON EITHER SIDE
• THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETED IN 1958
• THE BUILDING IS COMPOSED OF SIX EIGHT STOREY
  BLOCKS SEPARETED BY EXPANSION JOINTS
• THE CENTRAL PAVILION, BLOCK 4, CONTAINS THE
  OFFICES OF THE MINISTERS

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RAMP ENCLOCURE
SQUARE WINDOWS
ROUGH CONCRETE FINISH
PROJECTED PORTICOS
FREE FACADE
SMALL ENTRANCE
BIG ENTRANCE
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• THE ROUGH CONCRETE AGAIN INTERPOSES IN THE
  FENESTRATION OF THE TWO MAIN FACADES MORE THAN
  2000 UNITS OF UNIQUE DESIGN
• APPRAOCH TO THE BUILDING IS THROUGH ROADWAYS
  BELOW GROUND LEVEL TO A LARGE PARKING AREA IN
  FRONT OF THE CENTRAL BLOCK, AND A FLOOR IS LEFT
  OPEN AT THIS LEVEL TO FORM AN ENTRANCE HALL
• BLOCK 1 AND 2 RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUND
• BLOCK 3,4 AND PART OF 5 FACE ON THE EXCAVATED
  AREA OF THE PARKING LOT AND HAVE THE LOWER STOREY
  OPEN BETWEEN PILOTIS
• FOR THE REST PART OF BLOCK 5 AND WHOLE OF 6 THE
  LEVEL GOES TILL PLAZA HEIGHT, AND LOWER PORTION
  OF THESE BLOCKS ARE LEFT OPEN TO A HEIGHT OF TWO
  STORYES
• THE TOP OF THE BUILDING IS DEVELOPED AS A ROOF
  GARDEN CONTAINING THE SERVICE BLOCKS AND
  CAFETERIA FOR EMPLOYEES

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• THE PLASTIC EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO THE BUILDING BY
  FREE STANDING EXTERIOR RAMPS ENCLOSED IN ROUGH
  CONCRETE WALLS
• FOR SUPPLEMENTARY COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE
  BUILDING , EACH OF SIX BLOCKS IS EQUIPPED WITH
  INTERIOR STAIRWAYS AND LIMITED ELEVATOR SERVICE
• HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION IS BY MEANS OF A CENTRAL
  CORRIDORS
• FOR MINISTERS BLOCK THE BAY SIZE IS INCREASED
  AND THE COLUMN IS THICKENED

HT OF 2 STOREYS LEFT OPEN
COLUMNS SUPPORTING 1 ½ BLOCK
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THE HIGH COURT
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THE HIGH COURT,

• THE HIGH COURT FORMED A PART AS A GREAT
  ARCHITECTURAL VENTURE USING VERY POOR MATERIALS
  AND A LABOUR FORCEQUITE UNUSED TO MODERN BUILDING
  TECHNIQUES
• AN ENTIRE STUCTURE HAS RESULTED IN THE USE OF
  DOUBLE ROOF
• THE UPPER ROOF CANTILEVERED OUT OF THE OFFICE
  BLOCK IN THE MANNER OF PARASOL SHADING THE LOWER
  ROOF
• THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO ROOFS IS LEFT OPEN TO
  ENABLE CURRENTS OF AIR TO MOVE BETWEEN THE FLAT
  ROOF OF THE OFFICE BLOCK AND THE UNDERSIDE OF THE
  PARASOL ROOF WHICH SLOPES TOWARDS CENTER IN THE
  FORM OF ROWS OF ARCHES
• IN THE PLAN THE BUILDING TOOK THE FORM OF
  ABBREVIATED L SHAPED WITH LONG FAÇADE FACING
  THE CAPITOL PLAZA TO CONTAIN COURT ROOMS
• THE BUILDING IS A RECTILINEAR FRAME WITHIN WHICH
  THE INTERIOR FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED

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• THE EIGHT COURT ROOMS ARE IDENTICALLY EXPRESSED
  ON THE MAIN FAÇADE AND SEPARETED FROM THE LARGER
  HIGH COURT BY A MONUMENTAL COLUMNED ENTRANCE
  RISING THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING
• BUILDING RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE EARTH
• THE MAIN FAÇADE IS DEFINED BY A FULL HEIGHT
  CONCRETE BRISE SOLEIL
• THE ARCH FORM IS RESTRICTED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF
  THE PARASOL ROOF
• IT IS THE VISUAL DRAMA OF THE PIERS RISING SIXTY
  FEET FROM THE GROUND TO MEET THE HEAVY OUTWARD
  THRUST OF THE ROOF WHICH CREATES THE FOCAL
  EMPHASIS OF THE PRESENT PLAN
• ON THE MAIN FAÇADE THE DEEP FIXED CONCRETE BRISE
  SOLEIL GIVES A STRONG AND SCALELESS PATTERN TO
  THE BUILDING
• IT IS THE CONCRETE SCREEN WHICH GIVES THE MAIN
  FAÇADE ITS OVER ALL UNITY

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• BEHIND THE BRISE SOLEIL , THE WINDOWS OF THE
  COURT ROOMS ARE OF FIXED GLASS, BUT BETWEEN ARE
  NARROW VERTICAL SPACES CONTAINING SHUTTERS WHICH
  OPEN AND CLOSE ON HINGES
• IT IS NOTED THAT THE ORIENTATION OF THE HIGH
  COURT IS SUCH THAT THE MAIN FAÇADE FACES NORTH
  WEST , AND THIS DOES NOT RECEIVE DIRECT SUNLIGHT
• THE ROUGH CONCRETE OF THE BUILDING IS TREATED IN
  VARIETY OF MANNERS FOR MUCH OF THE SURFACE
  INCLUDING THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF AND
  THE EXTERIOR SIDE WALLS , THE MASS OF SHEET METAL
  CHARACTERIZE THE SURFACE
• IN PORTIONS OF THE INTERIOR AND ON THE RAMPS ,
  WOODEN BOARDS HAVE BEEN INSERTED WITH IN THE
  METAL FORMS TO GIVE THE CONCRETE SURFACE THE
  IMPRESS OF THEIR JOINTED PATTERN, WHILE OTHER
  SURFACES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MASSIVE ENTRANCE
  PIERS ARE FINISHED WITH GUNNITE CEMENT

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ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
PARASOL ROOF FORMING ARCHES
DOUBLE ROOF GAP LEFT BETWEEN TWO ROOFS
COLOURED MASSIVE PILLARS
FULL HT ENTRANCE
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REAR VIEW
DOUBLE ROOF
ROUGH CONCRETE FINISHED RAMP
APPROACHED THROUGH ROADS
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• THE ENTRANCE LOBBY IS PAVED WITH WHITISH FLAG
  STONE SET IN THE ROWS OF VARYING WIDTHS
• NEW SCHEME FOR PAINTING THE COLUMNS AND PORTICO
  WALLS IN BRIGHT CONTRASTING COLOURS
• THE INSIDE WALL TO THE LEFT OF THE PIERS WAS TO
  BE BLACK
• THE ADJACENT PILLAR PAINTED GREEN
• THE CENTER PIER WOULD BE YELLOW
• THE RIGHT HAND PILLAR IS RED
• AND THE REMAINING PORTICO WALL IS PRIMARY BLUE
• THE GRAET ENTRANCE HALL OF THE HIGH COURT IS ALSO
  BEEN FOUND IN LACKING PROTECTION DURING THE
  MONSOON SEASON
• THE NARROW CURVING RAMP AT THE END OF THE
  ENTRANCE HALL,WHICH FORMS THE MAIN VERTICAL
  CIRCULATION IS EXPOSED
• THE HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION, CONSISTING OF POEN
  CORRIDORS ON THR REAR FACADE ,IS ALSO
  INEFFECTIVELY SHELTERED

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THE ASSEMBLY HALL
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THE ASSEMBLY HALL

• THE ASSEMBLY WAS CONCEIVED AS A RECTILINEAR
  STRUCTURE
• IT IS SQUARE IN PLAN WITH A MONUMENTAL PORTICO
  FACING THE MAIN PLAZA
• ON THE LATERAL FACADES BOTH THE PORTICO AND THE
  OFFICE BLOCK WOULD BE DEFINED BY SOLID END WALLS
• THE LARGE CHAMBER IS IN HYPERBOLIC FORM OF THE
  COOLING TOWER WITH AN AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 15 CMS
• THE SMALL COUNCIL CHAMBER ARE IN RECTILINEAR
  FRAME
• THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TOWER IS EXTENDING ABOVE
  THE ROOF LINE
• AN ASSEMBLY CHAMBER IS 128 FT IN DIAMETER AT ITS
  BASE AND RISES TO 124 FT AT ITS HIGHEST POINT
• THIS TOWER WAS DESIGNED TO INSURE THE NATURAL
  LIGHT, VENTILATION AND PROPER ACOUSTICS

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• OF ALL BUILDINGS OF THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , THE
  ASSEMBLY IS THE MOST INTRICATE IN PLAN
• SEPARATE CIRCULATION ACCOMMODATION OF ALL GROUPS
  IS PROVIDED
• EMPLOYING A SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL ENTRANCES,
  STAIRWAYS, LIFTS AND RAMP A COMPLETE SEGREGATION
  OF MEMBERS IS PROVIDED
• THER ARE TWO SEPARATE GALLERIES FOR MEN AND WOMEN
  IN COUNCIL CHAMBER

INTERIOR VIEW OF A CHAMBER
MUSHROOM COLUMN SUPPORTING ROOF
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SECTOR-17,CHANDIGARH

• THE CITY CENTER CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT SQUARES
  TIED TOGETHER BY BROAD AVENUES.
• AT THE PRESENT TIME,WHEN THIS CENTER IS STILL
  DEVOID OF ANY SORT OF VEGETATION,THE UNSHADED
  OPEN AREAS CAN BE QUITE UNPLEASANT.
• THIS SECTOR-17 IS VIRTUALLY UNINHABITED,BUT IT IS
  ENLIVENED DURING THE DAYTIME BY THE MANY
  SHOPS,BAZARS, RESTAURANT,CAFES,BANKS AND
  DEPARTMENT STORES.

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• THERE IS DOUBT THAT AT PRESENT THE CITY CENTER
  STILL LOOKS LIKE AN EXPERIMENT .
• THE URBAN CIRCULATION HERE IS IN SHARP CONTRAST
  TO THE ORIENTAL BAZAAR STREETS,THE NARROW
  ALLEYS FUL OF NOISE AND PLUNGED IN SHADOW .
• OF ALL THE CITIES OF INDIA , ONLY CHANDIGARH CAN
  CLAIM TO BE AN ABSOLUTELY MODERN TOWN ,
  UNTOUCHED BY THE TRADITION OF THE PAST, AS
  JAWAHARLAL NEHRU SO APTLY REMARKED .

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• THE EXECUTION OF THE BUILDINGS FOR THE CITY
  CENTRE WAS ASSIGNED TO DIFFERENT ARCHITECTS.
  PIERRE JEANNERET CONSCIENTIOUSLY SUPERVISED AND
  ORGANIZED THE SCHEMES DETERMINED BY LECORBUSIER.

• THE PLANS CAN VARY AS REQUIRED, BUT MUST
  RESPECT A SUFFICIENTLY LARGE OPEN SURFACE ALONG
  THE FACADES AS ANTI-GLARE PROTECTION.

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SUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARH

• THE CLUB HOUSE- NORTH OF THE CAPITOL NO
  ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES WERE TO BE ERECTED,IN
  ORDER NOT TO IMPEDE THE VIEW OF THE HIMALAYA.
• THIS WAS AN EXPRESS CONDITION LAID DOWN BY LE
  CORBUSIER.
• THE CLUB HOUSE WAS HOWEVER NECESSITY.
• LE CORBUSIER DESIGNED A COMPLEX LYING 3 METERS
  BENEATH ROAD LEVEL,SO THAT THE HOUSE IS SCARSELY
  VISIBLE FROM THE PROMENADE.

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• THE CAUSEWAY- CHANDIGARH IS SURROUNDED BY THE
  RIVERS PATIALI AND MANIMAJRA, WHICH CARRY WATER
  ONLY DURING THE MONSOON SEASON.
• THE REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IS SIMPLE
  AND PLAIN, AND ITS SEVERE LINES HARMONIZE
  ENTIRELY WITH THE NATURAL SETTING.
• AT ALL OTHER TIMES OF THE YEAR THEY ARE DRY.

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• DURING THE HOT MONTHS OF MAY AND JUNE, ENORMOUS
  AMOUNTS OF DUST USED TO BLOW INTO THE CITY.
• TREES AND SHRUBS WERE PLANTED AS A PROTECTIVE
  ZONE ALONG THESE RIVERS, SO THAT THE CITY IS NOW
  FREE OF THE INCONVENIENCE OF THIS FLYING SAND.
• ONE OF THESE RIVERS HAS BEEN DAMMED.
• IN 1955 THE WATER BOULEVARD WAS EXTENDED IN THE
  SHAPE OF A CAUSEWAY, OR DAM, THE RETAINING WALL
  BEING MORE THAN

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• 20 METERS HIGH AND 4 KILOMETERS LONG.
• THIS DAM,WITH ITS WIDTH ON TOP OF 24METERS, THUS
  YIELDED A PROMENADE.
• THE ARTIFICIAL LAKE CREATED BEHIND THE DAM HAS
  MODIFIED THE CLIMATE OF THE CITY.