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Perpetual Motion

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Title: Perpetual Motion


1
Perpetual Motion
  • by
  • Robert Nemiroff
  • Michigan Technological University

2
Physics X About This Course
  • Officially "Extraordinary Concepts in Physics"
  • Being taught for credit at Michigan Tech
  • Light on math, heavy on concepts
  • Anyone anywhere is welcome
  • No textbook required
  • Wikipedia, web links, and lectures only
  • Find all the lectures with Google at
  • "Starship Asterisk" then "Physics X" 
  • http//bb.nightskylive.net/asterisk/viewforum.php?
    f39

3
Perpetual Motion
  • is ...
  • technically, something that is always in motion.
     
  • practically, a machine that generates energy from
    nothing.
  • However,
  • Newton's law indicates that anything that starts
    in motion, remains in motion, so in this sense
    perpetual motion is expected.
  • Machines that generate energy from nothing have
    never been found and are now considered a waste
    of time.

4
Perpetual Motion Machine First Kind
  • Perpetual motion machines of the first kind
    generate energy from nothing.
  • This violates the local conservation of energy,
    and since this energy can be used to generate
    heat or work, it also violates the first law of
    thermodynamics
  • 1st Law "The change in the internal energy of a
    system is equal to the amount of energy added by
    heating the system minus the amount lost as a
    result of the work done by the system on its
    surroundings."

5
Perpetual Motion Machine Second Kind
  • This type of perpetual motion machine uses heat
    as a power source directly and continuously,
    without the flow of heat to a sink. This violates
    the second law of thermodynamics.
  • 2nd Law "Heat (macroscopically) cannot flow
    spontaneously from a material at lower
    temperature to a material at higher temperature."

6
Perpetual Motion Machine Third Kind
  • This type of perpetual motion machine relies on
    eliminating friction.  Technically, this is not
    so much an energy generating machine so much as
    an energy storage device.
  • It is not possible to move with zero friction, so
    although low friction devices are real, zero
    friction devices are not.

7
Perpetual Motion Machine Useful Thought
Experiments
  • At least two classic though experiments seem to
    create perpetual motion machines.
  • Maxwell's Demon  (analyzed in another lecture)
  • Brownian Rachet Wheel

8
Perpetual Motion Brownian Ratchet Wheel
  •  

9
Perpetual Motion Brownian Ratchet Wheel
  • A ratchet wheel with cogs has a paw that allows
    it only to rotate in one direction.  Random
    brownian motion of the air molecules strike the
    wheel, sometimes causing enough motion so that it
    clicks forward one cog.  The paw prevents it from
    even clicking back.  Is the slow rotation of the
    wheel perpetual motion?
  • 1.  Yes, you've done it!  
  • 2.  No.
  • 3.  It depends in how many dimensions the paw can
    move.

10
Perpetual Motion Brownian Ratchet Wheel
  • No.  The wheel will only rotate as expected when
    the the ratchet and paw are significantly colder
    than the surrounding air or the heat bath.  Then
    the device works by tapping into the heat flowing
    from the heat bath to the wheel.  
  • When everything is the same temperature, the paw
    may have its own Brownian motion and will allow
    the wheel to go in either direction.

11
Perpetual Motion Magnetic Tower
  • Balls are pulled up a ramp by a powerful
    permanent magnet but then drop through a hole at
    the top, returning them to their original
    position.

12
Perpetual Motion Magnetic Tower
  • Why doesn't this work?
  • 1.  Any magnet powerful enough to pull the balls
    up the ramp would be powerful enough to keep them
    from dropping through the hole.
  • 2.  The rolling ball would at first be attracted
    to the magnet, but after it rolled its polarity
    would reverse and it would then be repelled from
    the magnet.
  • 3.  The system works, but there is no way to
    extract power.
  • 4.  The electric companies kill anyone who gets
    too close to making this work to protect the
    profit of their investors.

13
Perpetual Motion Magnetic Tower
  • Why it doesn't work 
  • 1.  Any magnet powerful enough to pull the balls
    up the ramp would be powerful enough to keep them
    from dropping through the hole.

14
Perpetual Motion Float Belt
  • Hollow balls float up through water, only to be
    pulled back down as they descend in air.

15
Perpetual Motion Float Belt
  • Why doesn't this work?
  • 1.  There is no way to push the balls in at the
    bottom without losing water.
  • 2.  Pushing the balls in at the bottom will take
    at least as much energy as gained from the balls
    floating up and the falling down.
  • 3.  This will work only so long as the water is
    cooler than the ping pong balls.
  • 4.  A team at Brookhaven is now nearing
    break-even energy for device that works on the
    same principle.  

16
Perpetual Motion Float Belt
  • Why it doesn't work 
  • 2. Pushing the balls in at the bottom will take
    at least as much energy as gained from the balls
    floating up and the falling down.

17
Perpetual MotionConservative Forces 
  • A conservative force creates work on a particle
    that is independent of the path taken.
     Therefore, paths that return to their starting
    point can gain no work -- no energy.  Therefore,
    a conservative force field cannot be used to
    create a perpetual motion machine that generates
    energy.
  • Examples of conservative force field include
    Newtonian gravitational force and Coulomb
    electric force.

18
Perpetual Motion MachinesThe US Patent Office
  • Many people try to patent their own perpetual
    motion machines.  The US Patent office will no
    longer grant patents to machines that it feels
    are perpetual motion power generators, without a
    working model.  
  • Some people try to create machines so complex
    that no one could determine their efficiency
    without such a model.

19
Perpetual Motion Machines Complex Hoaxes
  • Examples Machines that are powered by a
    cleverly hidden person. 
  • http//www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/Hoaxipedia/Perp
    etual_Motion_Machine_of_Charles_Redheffer/

20
Perpetual Motion Machines RJN Advice
  •  
  • If you have created a true perpetual motion
    machine from which you create free energy, please
    do not hold press conferences and tell everyone.
     Please start creating power from your machine
    and selling it.  The electric company MUST buy
    it, and you can make a fortune.  
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