Visualizing Psychology Chapter 12: Personality

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Visualizing PsychologyChapter 12 Personality
PSY 1213 Introductory Psychology
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Definitions

• Personality unique and relatively stable
  pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions

Great ideas in personality
Online personality test
The personality project
Dog personality
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Trait Theories

• Traits relatively stable personal
  characteristics used to describe someone
• Key Figures
• Early Trait Theorists Allport, Cattell, Eysenck
• Modern Trait Theorists McCrae and
  Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)

The Keirsy online personality zone
Cattells 16 personality test
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Trait Theorists The Five-Factor Model
Study Tip Note the first letter of
each 5 factors

• Openness (original and open to new ideas vs.
  conventional and narrow in interests)
• Conscientiousness (responsible and organized vs.
  irresponsible and careless)
• Extroversion (sociable and talkative vs.
  withdrawn and quiet)
• Agreeableness (trusting and good-natured vs.
  suspicious and ruthless)
• Neuroticism (emotionally unstable and moody vs.
  emotionally stable and easygoing)

OCEAN
Internet personality nventory
The IPIP NEO-PI
The 5-factor personality test
Personality test of your partner
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Pause and Reflect Why Study Psychology?

• Psychology helps us understand personality and
  relationships. For example, place a dot on each
  line to indicate your traits of openness,
  extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your
  ideal romantic partner.

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Trait Theorists The Five-Factor Model

• Researchers asked over 10,000 men and women from
  37 countries what they wanted in a mate.
• They found
• high degree of agreement.
• five-factor traits are at the top of both lists.

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Evaluating Trait Theories

• Pro
• Evolutionary, cross-cultural, and cross-species
  studies support five-factor model.
• Five-factor model helps describe and organize
  personality characteristics using the fewest
  number of traits.
• Con
• Lacks explanation and specificity.
• Ignores situational effects and rule expectations.

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Pause and Reflect Check Review

1. A relatively stable personal characteristic used
   to describe someone is called a _____.
2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and
   reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor
   model.

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories

• Psychoanalytic Theories examines how
  unconscious mental forces interplay with
  thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Key Figures
• Founding FatherFreud
• Neo-FreudiansAdler, Jung, Horney

Summary of Freuds theory
Adlers theory
Horneys theory
Jungs theory
Jungs typology test
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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Levels of
Consciousness

• Conscious thoughts or motives person is
  currently aware of or remembering
• Preconscious thoughts, motives, or memories that
  can be voluntarily brought to mind
• Unconscious thoughts, motives, or memories
  blocked from normal awareness

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories
Personality Structures

• Id instinctual energy (pleasure principle)
• Ego rational part of psyche (reality principle)
• Superego the conscience (morality principle)

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Defense
Mechanisms

• Defense mechanisms egos protective method of
  reducing anxiety by distorting reality

Freuds defense mechanisms
EGO
SUPER EGO
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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Sample
Defense Mechanisms
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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories
Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Psychosexual Stages Freudian idea of five
  developmental periods key to personality
  development.
• Oral Stage birth-18 months
• Anal Stage 18 months-3 yrs
• Phallic Stage 3-6 yrs
• Latency Stage 6 yrs-puberty
• Genital Stage puberty-adulthood

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories
Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Freud believed all children pass through five
  psychosexual stages. At each stage the ids
  pleasure seeking energies focus on specific
  pleasure
• areas of the body (erogenous zones).

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories
Neo-Freudian Theorists

• Adler suggested that most people experience an
  inferiority complex, which later results in a
  will-to-power
• Jung proposed an inherited collective
  unconscious consisting of archetypes
• Horney developed concept of basic anxiety

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Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories

• Pro
• Historical credit for some Freudian concepts
  (e.g., defense mechanisms)
• Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical
  methods

• Con
• Psychoanalytic concepts difficult to test
• Overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces
• Inadequate evidence, sexism, and lack of
  cross-cultural support

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Pause and Reflect Check Review

1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freuds three
   levels of consciousness.
2. Briefly describe Freuds five psychosexual stages.

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Humanistic Theories

• Humanistic Theories
• Personality develops from internal experiences
  (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings
  of basic worth.
• Human nature is innately good (or, at worst,
  neutral) with a positive drive toward
  self-fulfillment.
• Key Figures Rogers and Maslow

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Humanistic Theories
Rogers Key Concepts

• Emphasis on the importance of the self.
• Mental health is related to the degree of
  congruence between the self-concept and life
  experiences.

Feeling good and grades
Everybodys above average
Sports esteem
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Humanistic Theories Rogerss Key Terms
(Continued)

• Conditional Positive Regard positive behavior
  toward a person contingent on behaving in certain
  ways
• Unconditional Positive
  Regard positive behavior
  toward a person with
  no contingencies attached

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Pause and Reflect Critical Thinking

• As a child did you receive primarily conditional
  or unconditional positive regard? Did this affect
  your childhood and/or your adult personality?

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Humanistic Theories Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Hierarchy of Needs Maslows proposal that basic
  physical necessities must be satisfied before
  higher-growth needs
• Self-Actualization Maslows belief in an inborn
  drive to develop all ones talents and
  capabilities

Maslows pyramid
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Humanistic Theories Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
The application of Maslows hierarchy of needs
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Evaluating Humanistic Theories

• Pro
• Many concepts incorporated into successful
  therapy

• Con
• Naive assumptions
• Poor testability and inadequate evidence
• Narrowness

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Social-Cognitive Theories

• Social Cognitive Theories
• Personality reflects
• individuals interactions
  with the environment
• how people think about
  the world and interpret
  what happens to them
• Key Figures Bandura and Rotter

Pioneers of psychology Bandura
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Social-Cognitive Theories Banduras Key Terms

• Self-Efficacy persons learned belief that one
  is capable of producing desired results
• Reciprocal Determinism
  cognitions, behaviors,
  and the environment
  interact to produce
  personality

Increasing student success through for
self-determination
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Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories

• Pro
• Emphasizes how environment affects and is
  affected by individuals
• Meets most standards for scientific research

• Con
• Narrow focus
• Ignores unconscious and emotional aspects of
  personality

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Pause and Reflect Check Review

1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes
   internal experiences and the basic goodness of
   the individual.
2. Rogers thought _____ was essential to a childs
   healthy personality development.

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Biological Theories

• Three major biological contributors to
  personality
• Brain Structures
• Neurochemistry
• Genetic Factors

Biological theory of personality
Biological and evolutionary perspectives on
personality
Shy brains
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Biological Theories Biopsychosocial Model

• Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories
  provide different insights and contribute
  different proportions to personality.

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Personality Assessment

• Four methods to measure personality
• Interviews
• Observations
• Objective Tests
• (MMPI)
• Projective Tests
• (Rorschach, TAT)

APA Testing assessment
Assessment of employment
Improving employment interviews
Myers Briggs
Keirsey test
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Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment

• Interviews and Observations
• Pro insights
• Con time consuming and expensive

• Projective Tests
• Pro insights
• Con low reliability and validity

• Objective Tests
• Pro standardized information
• Con possible deliberate deception, social
  desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties,
  possible cultural bias, and inappropriate use

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Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter
Karen Huffman Matthew Cole

• PowerPoint ? Lecture Notes Presentation
• End of Chapter 12
• Personality

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