DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

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DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

• POWER POINT PRESENTATIN
• BY HEERA KUMAR PGT BIOLOGY

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LIVING ORGANISMS
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WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ?

• ANS. WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS FOR THEIR
  CONVENIENT STUDY

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BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION

• THERE ARE DIFFERENT BASIS OF CLASSIFYING LIVING
  ORGANISMS
• ON THE BASES OF THEIR HABITAT
• EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC
• UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR
• PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC
• ON THE BASIS OF FEEDING HABIT
• ON THE BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE ETC.

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CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION

• CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS IS RELATED TO
• EVOLUTION
• EVOLUTION THE FAMOUS DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION
  GIVEN BY CHARLES DARVIN IS
• DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
• THAT IS GRADUAL CHANGES FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX IN
  LIVING ORGANISMS

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THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION GROUPS

• GROUPING ORGANISMS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES AND
  SUB CATOGARIES . EACH STEP IS CALLED TAXON .
  AERRANGING TAXONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE IS
  CALLED HIERARCHY. THESE ARE
• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM (ANIMALS) /
  DIVISONS(PLANTS)
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES
• SO THE LOWERMOST OR THE BASIC UNIT OF
  CLASSIFICATION IS SPECIES.

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WHITTAKERS FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

• IN THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
• ROBERT WHITTAKER PROPOSED ORGANISMS BE CLASSIFED
  INTO FIVE MAJOR GROUPS KNOWN AS FIVE KINGDOM
• MONERA ALL PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS .
  EXAMPLE BACTERIA
• PROTISTA ALL EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS .
  EXAMPLE AMOEBA , PARAMOECIUM
• FUNGI UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR NONGREEN
  PLANTS . EXAMPLE YEASTS , AGARICUS PENICILLIUM
  ETC.
• PLANTAE ALL GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS .
• ANIMALIA ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC WITHOUT
  CELLWALL AND HETEROTROPHS

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SUB DIVISIONS OF PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

• PLANTAE FIVE DIVISIONS
• THALLOPHYTA
• BRYOPHYTA
• PTERIDOPHYTA
• GYMNOSPERMS AND
• ANGIOSPERM

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THALLOPHYTA

• PLANTS WITHOUT LEAF , ROOT AND STEM . BODY HAS
  SIMPLE THALLUS . THE PLANTS IN THIS GROUP ARE
  COMMONLY CALLED ALGAE .EXAMPLES SPIROGYEA,
• ULOTHRIX, CLADOPHORA ETC.

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BRYOPHYTA

• THESE ARE CALLED AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM
  BECAUSE THEY INHABIT BOTH LAND AND WATER TO
  COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE.
• THE PLANT BODY IS COMMONLY DIFFERENTIATED TO FOR
  STEM AND LEAF LIKE STRUCTURES BUT THERE IS NO
  SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF WATER
  AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY
  TO ANOTHER .
• EXAMPLE FUNARIA , MARCHANTIA.

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PTERIDOPHYTA

• THE PLANT BODY IS DIFFERENTIATED INTO ROOTS ,
  STEM AND LEAVES AND HAS SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR
  THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM
  ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER .
• EXAMPLE MARSILEA , FERNS ,HORSE TAILS .

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• THALLOPHYTES , BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES HAVE
  NAKED EMBRYOS THAT ARE CALLED CALLED SPORES . THE
  REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF ALL THESE GROUPS ARE VERY
  INCONSPICUOUS OR HIDDEN THEIRFOR CALLED
  CRYPTOGAMAE

THE PLANTS WITH WELL DIFFERENTIATED REPRODUCTIVE
TISSUES THAT ULTIMATELY MAKE SEEDS ARE CALLED
PHANEROGAMS PHANEROGAMS CONSISTS OF TWO GROUPS
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS
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GYMNOSPERMS

• WORD GYMNOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS
• GYMNO MEANS NAKED
• SPERMA MEANS SEED
• THAT IS PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS
• THE PLANTS ARE USUALLY PERRINIAL, EVERGREEN AND
  WOODY .
• EXAMPLES PINES LIKE CYCAS , PINUS

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ANGIOSPERMS

• THE WORD ANGIOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS
  
• ANGIO MEANS COVERED
• SPERMA MEANS SEED
• THE SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE AN ORGAN WHICH
  ULTIMATELY CHANGES INTO FRUIT .
• ANGIOSOERMS ARE ALSO CALLED FLOWERING PLANTS
• THE STRUCTURE INSIDE SEED IS CALLED COTYLEDON OR
  SEED LEAF
• ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS ON THE
  BASIS OF NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS

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• MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR MONOCOTS PLANTS WITH SEEDS
  HAVING SINGLE COTYLEDON
• DICOTYLEDONOUS OR DICOTS PLANTS WITH SEED
  HAVING TWO COTYLEDONS .

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SUMMARY

• PLANTS

WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATED PLANT BODY
HAVE DIFFERENTIATED PLANT BODY
THALLOPHYTA
WITH VASCULAR TISSUE
WITHOUT SPECIALISED
PRODUCE SEEDS - PHANEROGAMS
DONOT PRODUCE SEEDS
BEAR NAKED SEEDS
BEAR SEEDS INSIDE FRUITS
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT
MONOCOT
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ANABENA
BACTERIA
PARAMOECIUM
EUGLENA
AMOEBA
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fungi
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algae
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pinus
Cone of pinus
Cone of cycas
Stem of cycas
cysas
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