Development and Energy in Africa

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Development and Energy in Africa

• An example of MDG impact assessment
• MFP in Mali UNDP study

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Warning!

• We will not restrict ourselves in DEA to MDG
  impact
• This is just an example
• There are shortcomings and limitations
• But it illustrates a possible starting point

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Achieving the Millennium Development Goals The
role of energy services UNDP 2005

• case studies from Brazil, Mali and the
  Philippines
• focus on Mali the Multifunctional Platform
• How does the MFP impact on 5 of the MDGs?
• MFPs in 12 villages

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Example Mali Multifunctional Platform
Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets

• Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Increased, diversified income for women greater
  productivity in agro processing more time and
  energy for in income-generating activities
• Increased, diversified income for men
• Increased and more diversified food production
• Income to purchase food in food deficit areas

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Example Mali Multifunctional Platform
Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets

• Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education
• Increased school attendance as less child labour
  is needed
• Increased income to cover schooling costs
• More girls going to school

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Example Mali Multifunctional Platform
Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets

• Goal 3 Promote gender equality, empower women
• Reduced girl-specific labour leads to higher
  educational performance, attendance for girls
• Womens increased leverage as owners and managers
  of modern energy-based enterprises
• More time for rest, physical and mental
  recuperation essential for learning activities

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Example Mali Multifunctional Platform
Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets

• Goal 5 Improve maternal health
• Improved access to health services because of
  increased income
• Reduce workloads contributing to improved health
• Substitute inefficient traditional biomass fuels
  and reduce indoor air pollution

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Example Mali Multifunctional Platform
Contributions to achieving MDG Goals and Targets

• Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability
• Cleaner energy services can encourage a better
  management of natural resources, including better
  water quality

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Can this be quantified and documented?
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Impacts of MFP
Time women spend milling cereals and de-husking rice
Revenue women generate through sale of agricultural goods and foodstuffs
Amount of rice women produce and consume
Total proportion of school children completing primary school
- girls
- boys
Girl to boy ratio in primary school
Dropout rates
Number of prenatal visits women make to health clinics
Number of vomiting and diarrhoea cases
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Time savings impacts on MDGs
Multifunctional Platform
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Time saved grinding cereals
village potential time savings with MFP (hrs/woman/day) avg. no. of women per family engaged in grinding cereals potential time savings (hrs/family/day)
NGorona 1.3 1.6 2.1
Banzana 2.6 2.0 5.2
Lobougoula 1.8 2.4 4.3
Kolango 1.0 3.3 3.3
Sebenebougou 2.9 3.7 10.7
Tendely 2.1 3.9 8.2
Zoumana D 2.5 4.5 11.3
Manaco 2.6 5.0 13.0
Balanfina 1.0 5.5 5.5
MPegnesso 1.3 9.0 11.7
Bogotiere 1.8 15.7 28.3
Kolayerebougou 3.3 16.7 55.1
average 2.0 6.1 13.2
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Time saving

• grinding cereals dehusking rice
• average time saving 2.5 hours per day

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MDG 1 Poverty reduction

• increased revenue generation
• of 127 women interviewed, 89 (70) reported
  increase in revenues after introduction of the
  MFP
• average annual increase 68 per woman
• rural Mali average per capita income from
  agriculture is 122
• significant increase

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Other MDGs

• similar information and impacts for impacts on
  the other MDGs Education, Gender Equality,
  Health
• e.g girl/boy ratio in primary school

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Conclusions of the study

• 1. Modern energy services can can make
  significant contribution to improving livelihood
  of rural poor in
• poverty alleviation
• education
• gender equality
• health

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Conclusions of the study (continued)

• 2. Lessons for policy
• Increase the role of rural energy services in
  macro-scale/national poverty reduction strategies
• Couple provision of energy services with
  productive activities
• Reduce gender bias of rural energy poverty
• Focus on modernizing energy services for food
  processing, agriculture cooking and rural
  enterprises to maximise the impact of energy
  interventions

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But ..

• How reliable is the methodology?
• Are the results convincing enough to draw these
  policy lessons?
• Does it provide an example of an approach that
  can be replicated for other energy interventions?
• Main weakness It says little about the causal
  links between the intervention and the MDG
  impact.

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• To get this kind of information it is necessary
  to look at each installation (i.e. village)
  separately, collect data on income increases,
  production, school attendance
• necessity of interviews, surveys
• expensive!

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Analytical Limitations

• Small sample size (data from 12 villages, 1267
  women) out of 394 platforms serving 80,000 women.
  Therefore caution to be exercised in generalising
  the results.
• No control group study does not control for
  overall development of villages without MFPs.
• Unrepresentative sample villages concentrated in
  one area
• Low explanatory power does not control for other
  non-MFP factors, e.g. educational or health
  reforms, that may have contributed to these
  results

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We must consider these limitations in designing
the Assessment Framework so that it can be
generalised to different kinds of projects,
different institutional and national settings,
etc.