History of Diving

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History of Diving

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• www.denkorea.co.kr
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Introduction
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• Purpose
• - general history of the development
• of military diving operations
• Scope
• - outlines the hard work and dedication
• of a number of individuals who were
• pioneers in the development of diving
• technology

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• Role of the ROKN
• - UDT / Seal
• - Ship maintenance, search,
• - Rescue salvage operation
• - Inspection reparing naval vessels
• - Underwater construction
• - Location recovering downed aircraft

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Surface-Supplied Air Diving ???? ????
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Introduction

• - Scyllis
• Perscian King, Xerxes? ?? ???
• B.C. 15C
• recover sunken treasure
• - Alexander the Great
• B.C. 332
• remove obstacles in the Lebanon harbor

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Breathing Tubes
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Breathing Bag
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Diving Bells (?? ?)

• 15c 18c
• For hours rather than minutes
• Bell-shaped apparatus with the bottom
• open to the sea

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• 1690, Edmund Halley
• - 60 ft, 4 divers, 1.5 hours
• ? 4 hours, 66ft

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Diving Dress Design

• 1. Lethbridges Diving Dress

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2. Deanes Patented Diving Dress - protection
from the cold - helmet with view port - hose
connections for surface supplied air 3. Siebes
Improved Diving Dress - sealed the helmet to
the dress at the collar - water proof suit -
exhaust valve MK V standard deep-sea diving
dress
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Caissons
- Engineering technology
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Physiological Discoveries???? ??

• 1. Caisson Disease (Decompression sickness)
• ? ???
• - dizzy spell (???? ???)
• - Breathing difficulties ( ????)
• - Sharp pain in the joint or abdomen
• (??? ?? ??)
• - bends

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• 1-1. Causes of DCS
• - 1878
• - Paul Bert (French physiologist)
• - nitrogen into solution in the blood tissues
  of
• the body (under pressure)
• - gas bubbles throughout the body (pressure
  released)
• - symptom
• 1-2. Prevention Treatment of DCS
• - slowly return
• - recompression chamber (1879)

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• 2. Inadequate Ventilation
• - J. S Haldene (English physiologist)
• - CO2 accumulation ? inadequate ventilation
• - standard supply rate of flow ? 1.5 fpm
• - pumps
• 3. Nitrogen Narcosis (????)
• - 150 ft
• - euphoric losing judgment
• - anesthetic properties
• - Heliox

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Armored Diving Suits

• Atmospheric Diving Suit
• (ADS) ??? ???
• ? 2000 ft

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MK V Deep-sea Diving Dress
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• 1905, MK V Diving Helmet
• 1916, Communication system
• Regulating valve
• Relief valve
• Exhaust valve (1927)
• 1927, Deep sea dress umbilical
• MK 12
• MK 21

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Scuba Diving
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S C U B A

• SCUBA Self Contained Underwater
• Breathing Apparatus
• Open Circuit Scuba
• Closed Circuit Scuba
• Semiclosed Circuit Scuba

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Open-circuit Scuba

1. Rouquayrols Demand Regulator
2. LePrieurs Open-Circuit Scuba Design
3. Cousteau ND Gagnans Aqua-Lung
4. Impact of Scuba on Diving

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Closed-Circuit Scuba

1. Fleuss Closed-Circuit Scuba
2. Modern Closed-Circuit System

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Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba

• ????
• 1878, Paul Bert
• VENTIDC (CNS toxicity)
• Pulmonary toxicity

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Mixed Gas Diving
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Introduction

• Breathing medium, consist of -
• - N2 O2 proportions
• - mixture of other inert gas (helium) with
  oxygen
• Special training, detailed planning, specialized
  advanced equipment, extensive surface support
  personnel facilities
• Qualified diver
• Two Categories
• - Nonsaturation diving without pressurized bell
• (max. 300ft)
• - saturation diving (150 fsw??, extended
  bottom time)

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Non-saturation Diving

• 1. Helium-Oxygen (Heliox) Diving
• - Physiological effects
• high thermal conductivity of helium
• high pitched distortion or Donald
  Duck effect
• - MK V MOD 1 helmet
• 2. Hydrogen Oxygen Diving
• - explosive character
• - ????? 4 ??? ???? ??
• 3. Modern surface supplied Mixed gas diving

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Diving Bells

• 1. SDC(submersible decompression chamber)
• - 2 men, steel, 2 opening hatches,
• - ventilate, gas communication supply
• 2. 1931. DDC(deck decompression chamber)
• - mate DDC-SDC
• - additional space, bunk, food clothing
• 3. Saturation Diving
• - DDS(deep diving system)

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Saturation Diving

• Extend actual working time at depth
• Submarine rescue salvage,
• sea bed implantments, construction
• scientific testing observation
• Extensive bottom time

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Saturation Diving-1

• 1. Advantage
• - decompression is the most time consuming
  factor
• - ??? ??(??)? ??? ?? ??? ????
• (??)??? ???? ????? ????.
• - 200 fsw, 40 hrs
• ? 5 days at bottom pressure
• 2 days in decompression

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Saturation Diving-2

• 2. Bonds Saturation Theory
• - 1957, NS Navy Diving Medical Officer
• Captain George F. Bond
• - The tissues of the body would eventually
  become
• saturated with inert gas if exposure time
  was long
• enough
• 3. Genesis Project
• - theory of saturation diving
• - animal human experiments

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Saturation Diving-3

• 4. Developmental Testing
• - 1st practical open-sea demonstration Sep.
  1962
• by Edward A. Link Capt. Jacques-Yves
  Cousteau
• - one man, He-O2 at 200fsw for 24hrs (Link)
• - two men, habitat, 33fsw for 169hrs
  (Cousteau)
• - Six men, N2-O2, 35fsw for 7 days (Cousteau)
• - 1964, Link Lambertsen, 2-days, 2 men at
  430fsw
• - seven men, 30 days at 36fsw 90fsw with
• excursion dives to 330fsw

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Saturation Diving-4

• 5. Sealab Program
• 1) Sealabs I and II
• - 1963. DEC. habitat
• 2) Sealab III
• - 600fsw, habitat, NEDU,
• 28 He-Ox, 825fsw(1965-1968)
• - 1968. 825fsw, Sat depth
• ? 1,025fsw excursion diving(NEDU)
• - 31 ATA?? ??????? ? ??

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Deep Diving Systems(DDS)

• Consist of
• - DDC(Deck decompression chamber)
• - PTC(Personal Transfer Capsule)

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Submarine Salvage Rescue
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USS F-4

• 1915, Honolulu, 21 crews died
• Lifting pontoons
• 304 fsw, air as breathing mixture
• Bottom time-10minutes
• Nitrogen narcosis
• Physiological problems
• new breathing medium
• US diving manual

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USS S-51

• 1925. 132fsw, Block Island, Rhode Island
• 1927. Diving Salvage School
• Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)
• ? US Navy Air Decompression Tables
• Diving ability ???? ???? ??

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USS S-4

• 1927. Coast guard? ??
• 102fsw, 22???? ????
• ?? ??(????, ??)
• LT C.B. Momsen escape lung ??
• 1929. 26??? ???? ??

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USS Squalus

• Mc Cann-Erickson Rescue chamber
• 1939. 50?? 33?? 243fsw?? ??
• 1st salvage operation with He-Ox

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USS Thresher

• ? ???
• 8,400fsw, ? ??? ??
• ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????
• - Deep Submergence Rewiew Group (DSRG) ??
• ?? Deep Submergence Systems Project
• ? ? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??
• 1972. DSRV (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle)
• - 5000 fsw ?? diving ??
• - 2500 fsw ?? rescue ??

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Salvage Diving (Salvage Operation)
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History

• 1. 2? ????
• 2. ???
• 3. ????? Salvage operation
• - ?? ? ??? ??
• - 150msw, saturation (He O2) Diving

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Open Sea Diving Records
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History of Open Sea Diving Records

• 1915, USN 304fsw MK V dress
• 1972, MK2 MOD O DDS, 1,010fsw
• 1975, MK1 DDS, 1,148fsw
• 1977, French Dive Team, 1,643fsw
• 1981, British divers, The deepest salvage
  operation 803fsw, ??
• 1999, 23. ROKN, The 1st Salvage operation with
• Saturation Diving, 150msw(500fsw)
• ??, 300fsw (1000fsw)?? ??

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Summary