Dominant and recessive traits

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Dominant and recessive traits

• Genetics

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Artificial breedingDESIGNER DOGS
cockapoo/labradoodle

• cockapoo

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Hot hybrids ---MUTTS

• Malkie or morkie

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Kimola
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BullboxerBanter bulldogs
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Schnoodle
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Goldendoodle or Labradoodle
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Bockernot so hot
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Poogle
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Chiweenie
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Ugliest dog in the world
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Teacup chihuahua--1600/1300
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Maltese teacup--1400/2000
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Miniature pigs?
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Welsh Corgi
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Artificial selection

• Selected by industry to produce the most meat
• Cowsselect for best milk production
• Dogsbest sniffers
• Plantsgrow best with least amount of fertilizer

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Ocean animals--glow
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Cross?
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LeoponFirst word is father
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Liger and tigons
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Zorse
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What mixture am I?
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Grizzly/Polar vs. Wolphin
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Coydog---------------Coywolf
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Your imagination!! USE IT!

• SELECT ANY TWO ANIMALS AND CREATE A NEW ANIMAL
  COMBINING VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE
  SELECTED ANIMALS. DRAW YOUR CREATURE IN ITS
  HABITAT AND WRITE A PARAGRAPH DESCRIBING A DAY IN
  THE LIFE OF YOUR NEW CREATION EXPLAINING HOW IT
  WILL SURVIVE.

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Watson and Crick

• DNA moleculedouble helix
• Rosalind Franklintook X-rays of DNA and found
  the double helix-showed picture of DNA

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Gregor Mendel

• Father of genetics
• 28,000 pea plants
• Dominant and recessive traits
• First law---2 alleles for each trait
• 2nd lawsegregationrandom assortment

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Homologous chromosomes
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Each chromosome carries an allele

• Separate and pass to the next generation
• Homozygous
• Heterozygous

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Same loci

• Occupy the same location on homologous
  chromosomes
• Chromosome Alocation 9
• Chromosome B---Location 9
• Same gene for the trait discussed
• DOMINANT GENE IS EXPRESSED AND TRANSCRIPTED AND
  TRANSLATED

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Traits

• TWO ALLELES PER TRAIT
• Dominant ---capital letter
• Recessive---lower case letter
• Homozygous ---SAME letters (TT, tt) -PUREBRED
• Heterozygous---DIFFERENT letters (Tt) (HYBRID)

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Oval vs. Square shaped face
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Hair
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Cleft in chin
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Widows peak
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Eyebrow sizebroad or slender
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Eyebrow shape
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Eyelashesshort/long
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Dimples
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DOMINANT TRAITS
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DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE?
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Thumbs and big toe/2nd toe
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Polydactly

• Extra digits or toes

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Animals
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Autosomal Dominant Genetic Disease

• Just need one copy of the gene to have the
  disease
• No such thing as a carrier---you either have it
  or you dont
• Dd, Hh, Yy

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Dominant disordersMonohybrid cross
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Dominant autosomal traits

• Short limbs compared to length of torso
• Prominent forehead
• Redundant skin folds in legs and arms
• 80 spontaneous mutations
• Dominant trait
• Accounts for 70 of little people

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What is the chance of them having a normal child?

• Spinal curvature)
• skeletal (limb) abnormalities
• Waddling gait
• Large forehead
• head appears disproportionately large for body
• hypotonia
• bowed legs

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Physical problems

• Delayed motor skills
• Trouble breathing
• Susceptible to ear infections and hearing loss
• Early arthritis
• Crowding of teeth in jaw

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Surgery

• Limb lengthening
• Break bonesfemur and tibia
• Keep lengthening for about 4 to 5 months
• 7 inches talleralmost 5 foot tall

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Primordial Dwarf
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• SHOULD ACHONDROPLASIAC DWARFS UNDERGO LENGTH
  LENGTHENING? DEFEND YOUR ANSWER WITH A
  REASONABLE DISCUSSION AS TO YOUR POSITION ON THE
  SURGERY.

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Celebrities
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Dwarfism in all eras
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In other animals too
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Dwarf animals
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Marfan Syndrome
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Enlarged aorta
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Marfan perhaps??
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Marfan syndrome

• Long limbs and face
• Disorder of the connective tissue
• Fragile aorta and valves
• May rupture under duress
• Lens of eyes shifted higher or lower than they
  should be

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Arachnodactyly-long fingers
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NF-Neurofibromatosis
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NF
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VariationsDominant trait
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Neurofibromatosis(von Recklinghausen)Dominant
trait
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Huntingtons Disease

• Onset between 30 -45 yrs. Old
• Personality changes
• Intellect declines and memory fails
• Tremors begin
• 10-15 yrs. Totally disabled
• Comatose and die

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Huntingtons Chorea
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Huntingtons

• Abnormal movements
• Unsteady gait
• Turn head for eyes to shift
• Quick, sudden jerky movements of arms and legs
• Behavior changeshallucinations, paranoia,
  moodiness, antisocial
• Dementia which worsens
• Death

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Autosomal Dominant

• Huntingtons Disease
• Chromosome 4
• Repeats of CAG
• 10-35 times normal
• 36-120 timesHuntingtons
• More repeatshappens at an earlier age

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Venezuelan study

• 10 generations, 15,000 people with HD
• On chromosome 4 (repeats of CAG)
• Variations of onset (2 yrs. -84 yrs)
• Repeats of CAG (9-34) okay
• More repeats (HD)
• Environment affects and other genes present

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DNA testing for gene

• Banding pattern can tell if you are a carrier or
  not
• DOMINANT
• 50/50 chance!
• No treatment to stop the diseases progression

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Pedigree for autosomal dominant
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• Questions
• Do autosomal dominant disorders skip generations?
  
• Could Greg or his mother be carriers of the gene
  that causes myotonic dystrophy?
• Symptoms of myotonic dystrophy sometimes dont
  show up until after age fifty. What is the
  possibility that Gregs cousin has inherited the
  MD gene?
• What is the possibility that Greg and Olgas
  children could inherit the MD gene

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Recessive disorders
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Recessive traits

• Albinism
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Deafness
• Tay-Sachs disease

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Autosomal recessive

• Albinism
• PKU (phenylketonuria)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Tay Sachs

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Recessive traits
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Albinism

• Lack of melanin (skin pigment)
• All ethnic races
• Eyes need melanin (if lackingvision is poor)
• Involuntary eye movement and dont work well
  together

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Many ethnic races
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Many animals
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PKU
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

• Inability to breakdown phenylalanine
• Restrict diet/eliminate high protein diet
• No meat, no fish, no peanuts, no milk, no eggs,
  no cheese, no ice cream, no poultry
• Newborn screening is done in all states
• Untreatedamino acid builds up and can cause
  mental retardation
• After age 6can be a little lax, too lax results
  in behavior and intellectual problems

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Northern European Folklore

• Woe to that child which when kissed on the
  forehead tastes salty. He is bewitched and soon
  must die
• What disease are they talking about?
• Salt in sweat

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CF

• Mucus builds up in lungs and causes bacteria
  growth
• Malnutrition due to dig. Enzyme deficiency
• Leads to pulmonary disease
• Recurrent pneumonia
• Caucasians (1 in 25 carriers)
• Carrier testing available

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Tay Sachs
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Tay-Sachs disease

• 1 in every 30 American Jews carry the gene
• Healthy at birth
• 4-6 months, stops smiling, crawling, turning over
• Lack protein, Hex A, to break down fats so they
  build up in the brain
• No cure, blind and dies about age 5

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• There are five hallmarks of autosomal recessive
  inheritance
• Males and females are equally likely to be
  affected.
• On average, the recurrence risk to the unborn
  sibling of an affected individual is 1/4.
• The trait is characteristically found in
  siblings, not parents of affected or the
  offspring of affected.
• Parents of affected children may be related. The
  rarer the trait in the general population, the
  more likely a consanguineous mating is
  involved.
• The trait may appear as an isolated (sporadic)
  event in small sibships.

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Recessive pedigree
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Incomplete dominance

• Sickle Cell anemia

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Sickle Cell anemia
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Sickle cell anemia
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Sickle cell anemia

• Defective hemoglobin
• Painful and could lead to damage to organs
• Normal RBC last 120 days
• Sickled cells last 10-20 daysget anemic as you
  cant replace them fast enough
• 1 in 12 African Americans carry the trait
• Carriers--malaria

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Incomplete dominance
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Designer dogs? How about Designer People?

• If you could design a person, identify the
  individuals you would select from any point in
  time that you would use to create a new person.
  Describe why you selected those persons and
  their characteristics you would want to have
  passed on to your new hybrid person. You can use
  as many people as you want to create your new
  being. You are like Dr. Frankenstein!!

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Planet---Pandora

• Indigenous tribeNavi
• Gray rock--20 million/kilo
• Human DNA mixed with natives (remotely
  controlled)
• Marine in Avatar body

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Darwin

• Natural selection
• Galapagos Islands
• Finchesvariety on an islandWHY?
• Wondered about survival of the variety
• Only the better animals (genes) survived

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PEPPERED MOTHS

• Peppered previous to the industrial age
• Being peppered worked for the butterfliespeppered
  were more numerous
• Industrial agetrees darkenedselection benefits
  the black moth now
• Changed gene frequency and gene pool

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Peppered moth demonstration

• http//www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.s
  wf

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Autosomes vs. Sex chromosomes

• Pairs 1-22 Autosomes
• Pair 23Sex chromosomes (Affect X or Y
  chromosome)

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Human Genome Project

• Started in 1990, finished in 2001
• Idea was to
• Identify all 30,000 genes in human DNA
• Determine the sequence of the DNA
• Store information in database
• Improve technological tools for analysis
• Use in private industry
• Address legal, ethical and social issues

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Cloning projects

• Hello Dolly!!
• First known cloned animal using adult stem cells
• 1997
• Transferred DNA from cell in mammary gland to
  empty unfertilized egg

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The procedure for cloning

• http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/clonin
  g/clickandclone/

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Cloningyes or no

• http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/clonin
  g/cloningornot/

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Why Clone?

• Thoughts on that?

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Cloned cat???
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Questions to ponder..

• 1. Who has the right to have children, no matter
  how they are created? Who doesn't? Why?
• 2. Is human cloning "playing with nature?" If so,
  how does that compare with other reproductive
  technologies such as in vitro fertilization or
  hormone treatments?
• 3. Does cloning to create stem cells, also called
  therapeutic cloning, justify destroying a human
  embryo? Why, or why not?

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Questions to ponder

• 4. If a clone originates from an existing person,
  who is the parent?
• 5. What are some of the social challenges a
  cloned child might face?
• 6. Do the benefits of human cloning outweigh the
  costs of human dignity?
• 7. Should cloning research be regulated? How, and
  by whom?