Sustainable Ecotourism

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Sustainable Ecotourism Hilconida P.
Calumpong Silliman University Marine Laboratory,
Dumaguete City 6200, Philippines E-mail
hpc_at_su.edu.ph
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Tourist Arrival 200, 000 (July 2004) X 100
20,000,000 X12 240,000,000 X55 P13,200,000,000
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International Ecotourism Society defines
ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the environment and improves
the well-being of local people."

• This means that those who implement and
  participate in ecotourism activities should
  follow the following principles
• Minimize impact
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and
  respect
• Provide positive experiences for both visitors
  and hosts
• Provide direct financial benefits for
  conservation
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment for
  local people
• Raise sensitivity to host countries' political,
  environmental, and social climate
• Support international human rights and labor
  agreements

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• ECOTOURISM depends on the natural resource as
  its major attraction,

• critical to preserve the integrity of the said
  resource,
• not only for the future of the industry
• but for also for others who depend on it as their
  main source of livelihood.

carrying capacity of ecosystems that are
continually disturbed by the presence of visitors
must be determined so that some level of use
within sustainable intensities can be recommended.
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• SUSTAINABILITY depends on MECHANISMS instituted
  that will perpetuate resources so that
  generations can enjoy them
• LASTING,
• TRANSGENERATIONAL

Garcia, C.B. and Solano, O.D. 1995. Tarpon
atlanticus in Colombia a big fish in trouble.
Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly, July, 1995, pp. 48.
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KEY PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY (According to
Chiras, 1992)
Conservation
Recycling
Renewable Resource Use
Restoration
Population Control
Adaptability
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Role of Academe in Achieving Sustainable Ecoturism

• Share our experience, especially with coastal and
  marine ecotourism
• Lessons learned from these experiences

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National Marine Mammal Conservation Program 1994
Photo from Bright, M. 1985. Whales. NY
Gallery Books.
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Whale and Dolphin Watching Bais Bay
-Pamilacan I., Bohol
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Role of SUML

• Identify the species of marine mammals
• Estimate monthly populations (sightings)
• Estimate income
• Produce brochures
• Train spotters and tourism personnel
• Conduct Awareness Trainings
• Plow back Information to LGU//PO/NGO/Community

Photo from Bright, M. 1985. Whales. NY
Gallery Books.
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Ave/mo332 pax
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Ave NetP41,975/mo/30 trips/mo P1,399/trip
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Establishment of MPAs
APO I., Dauin, Neg.Or.
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Role of SUML

• Organize, empower Apo residents
• Establish Marine Sanctuary
• Monitor coral, fish populations
• Monitor tourist arrivals, income, coral damage
• Conduct ecology, awareness trainings
• Conduct awareness/code of conduct for Dive
  Operators
• Conduct fiscal management trainings, T-shirt
  printing, weaving, etc.
• Resource mobilization
• Produce brochures
• Plow back information to Comtee/LGU/ PAMB

Photo from Bright, M. 1985. Whales. NY
Gallery Books.
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Fishery enhancement
Learning area for CBCRM
Ecotourism site
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• 1984 Marine Conservation and Development
  Program (MCDP)
• community-based CRM (MMC-Marine Mgt Cmtee)

• 1994 NIPAS (Protected Landscape and Seascape)
• PAMB (Protected Area Mgt. Board) - functional in
  1998

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average of 810 265 tourists visit Apo I.
monthly.
72
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Figure 4. Per cent distribution of visitors in
Apo Island monitored from Apil 1999 to December
2000.
Figure 3. Type of tourists visiting Apo Island,
Dauin Negros Oriental
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Figure 6. Income (PhP) from donations and fees
in Apo (4/1 - 12/14/99 w/out PAMB regulation
12/15/99 12/30/00 w/ PAMB regulation)
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TOURISM REVENUES 1984 1995 1999 2001 Donations
and Fees lt2,000 7,000 39,321 1,408,155 Boat/Bo
at Operations 2,736,250 4,553,350 Hotel/Accom
501,900 277,500 Diving 4,194,750 11,094,
150 Food, souvenirs, etc. 1,424,250 2,670,000
DATA SOURCES 1984- MCDP, 1986 1995 - SAM
Training 1999-2000 Cadiz and Calumpong, 2002
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INCOME FROM ECOTOURISM is substantial with dive
operators being the most benefitted.
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• DIRECT BENEFIT TO THE COMMUNITY
• 75 of User Fees
• 1999 - PhP 4,718
• 2000 - Php 1,107,496
• 2001- 1,056,116

• Employment of 30 residents as Bantay Dagat

• Subsidized electricity

• Subsidized boat transport of teachers and students

• Accommodation, food, souvenir income

• About 53 of total gross revenues

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COSTS

• Management
• Costs

Cost of management takes up about 38 of the
total entrance and user fees (average from two
years). This includes transport of garbage to
Negros I.
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This includes transport of garbage to Negros I.
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METHODS Monitoring Coral Damage
Belt Transect

• Line Intercept

cover
Areal damage m2
Number of damaged colonies
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Types of coral damage
anchor damage
dead standing coral with or without algae
Bleached
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Types of coral damage
Damage due to divers/snorks
Fish bites
coral slide - due to storm
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Results of coral damage study showed no
significant correlation between no. of tourists
and coral damage at PRESENT LEVELS (i.e., 15
divers/day, 8 snorkelers at a time)
Average percentage of the different hard coral
lifeforms in the three sites.
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Giant Clam mariculture and restocking
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gtSogod, Cebu Clam Garden for tourists











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Role of SUML

• Train interested parties
• Determine feasibility of site
• Provide juveniles _at_ adoption rates
• Monitor survival

Number of clams stocked per species (No. over
each bar survival)
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Lessons Learned and Experiences
In terms of building capacity for small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) and microenterprises

• Organized POs, Coop

• 2. Trainings
• Women and out-of-school youth T-shirt printing,
  tourist guides
• POs, Coop fiscal management, ecology

• Involved the community in the conduct of
  feasibility studies
• TA in accessing grants

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Lessons Learned and Experiences

• Mechanisms for microfinancing that can address
  the financial needs of SMEs and microenterprises

• Establishment of Cooperative
• TA in accessing grants

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Lessons Learned and Experiences

• Advocacy needed for LGUs to provide the proper
  policy environment and the basic services and
  infrastructure for the optimal growth and
  functioning of SMEs/microenterprises in the
  project site

• LEAP Legal Environmental Advocacy Program
• Legal Clinic run by the College of Law and
  manned by students
• Assist and advise LGUs and communities facing
  environmental problems

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Lessons Learned and Experiences

• Role of academe in providing continuing support
  and technical assistance, as well as in
  developing the human power base for both SMEs/
  micro-enterprises and LGUs on sustainable
  economic development and endeavors

• 1. Information Generator
• Timely and Complete information in
  appropriate language
• Field analysis and publication of case studies

• 2. Human Resource for training, TA

• 3. Facilitator, Catalyst, Alternative Conflict
  Resolution

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Lessons Learned and Experiences

• Recommendations for developing/strengthening
  mechanisms for LGU-academe-SME synergy for
  building capacities for sustainable economic
  development

1. Certification and Ecolabelling
2. Publication of codes of conducts and
guidelines for interactions between tourists,
operators and indigenous/local communities
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Lessons Learned and Experiences

• Recommendations for proactive strategies to
  enhance local prospects for economic growth and
  development in the global marketplace

1. Research and Case studies published pamphlets,
   booklets, handbooks, journal articles, popular
   media

2. Best Practices
3. Annual Meeting
4. Participation in International Meetings
5. Courses and seminars offered by Univ
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Thank you and Have a Good Day!
WebPage Click on the SUML Logo in
http//www.su.edu.ph Phone [phone] FAX
[phone] Silliman University
Marine Laboratory Dumaguete City 6200
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FISH STANDING STOCK in sanctuary increasing over
time
DATA SOURCES 19985-1986 MCDP, 1986 1987
White, 1989 1995 Luchavez and Luchavez in
Calumpong et al., eds, 1997.