B'Tech Project Report

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• B.Tech Project Report
• On
• Reduction in Air Pollution by Introduction of an
  Alternative Transportation System
• By
• Harshit Agrawal
• (01004029)
• Under the guidance of
• Prof. V.M.Tom
• and
• Prof. Virendra Sethi
• Department of Civil Engineering
• IIT Bombay

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Introduction

• Objective and Scope of Study
• Trip Assignment Techniques
• Aim of Trip Assignment
• Types of Trip Assignment
• Vehicular Emission Factors
• Measurement
• Factors influencing emission factors
• Simulation Study

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Objective and Scope

• The objective of the present study is to assess
  the reduction in air pollution in a traffic
  network due to the introduction of an alternative
  transportation system.
• Scope
• Study various Trip assignment techniques for flow
  calculations specifically User Equilibrium
  technique
• Identify the factors effecting the emission
  factors and emissions from various classes of
  vehicles
• Quantifying the emissions on a traffic network

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Model Travel Demand

• A four stage process used to model travel demand
  
• Trip Generation
• Estimation of trips produced in and
  attracted to the study zone.
• Trip Distribution
• Determination of matrix of the trip
  frequencies between production and attraction
  zone.
• Modal Split
• Division of trips between the different modes of
  transport
• Traffic Assignment
• Assignment of matrices of trips from the origin
  zones to the destination zones by the different
  modes of transport to the appropriate
  transportation network.

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Basic Assignment process
TRIP MATRIX
OUTPUTS (e.g. link flows, Inter- Zonal costs)
ROUTE SELECTION and LOADING
NETWORK DATA
The Stages in the Basic Assignment Process
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Aim of Traffic Assignment

• To estimate the volume of traffic on the links of
  the network
• To furnish estimates of travel costs between trip
  origin and destination

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Types of Trip Assignment

• All or Nothing Assignment
• User Equilibrium
• System Optimum
• Stochastic User Equilibrium

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• According to Wardrop two types of
  assignment principles as applied to single origin
  single destination.
• Minimize individual costs
• Minimize total costs
• The two principles identified as Wardrops first
  and second principles.

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Traffic Assignment Models
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Types of Equilibrium models

• Deterministic
• If it is assumed that all drivers have same
  perceptions of costs on the network.
• Stochastic
• When drivers are assumed to differ in their
  perception of costs.

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Vehicular Emission factors

• An emission factor is a representative value that
  attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant
  released to the atmosphere with an activity
  associated with the release of that pollutant.
• Vehicular emission factor is defined as the
  quantity of a pollutant emitted when a vehicle
  runs a unit length.
• To estimate emission factors, models like MOBILE5
  developed by USEPA and chassis dynamometer tests
  are used.

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Chassis Dynamometer Test
Source ARAI et al.,2004
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Indian Driving Cycle
Source ARAI et al.,2004
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Factors governing vehicular emission factors

• Combustion Characteristics
• 
  
• Vehicular Technology
• 
  
• Fuel Type and Quality
• Driving Cycles
• Exhaust Gas Treatment
• Inspection and maintenance
• Road and Traffic management

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Calculation of Emissions

• Emissions from road transport is calculated as
  follows
• E i ? ( Veh j D j ) E i , j, km
• E i emission of compound (i)
• Veh j number of vehicles per type (j)
• D j distance traveled in a year per different
  vehicle type ( j)
• E i ,j ,km emission of compound (i), vehicle
  type (j) per driven kilometer.

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Calculation of Emissions

• A computer program for calculating emissions has
  been developed for calculating total emissions in
  any network.
• Inputs for the program are
• Total Number of Links in a network.
• Link Flows.
• Number/nature of pollutants for which emissions
  are to be calculated.
• Emission factors with respect to various
  pollutants and the vehicle types.

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Methodology

• The methodology as a whole consists of following
  steps
• Calculation of link flows
• Link characteristics data
• Emission Factors data
• Calculation of emission in a link
• Total emissions in the network
• Calculating reduction in total emissions, by
  introduction of an alternative transport system
  in the network

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Inputs for calculating Link flows - OD matrix -
Network details - Link cost equations
Flow Assignment User Equilibrium technique
Inputs for estimating air pollution - Emission
factors - Average speed Acceleration of
vehicles.
Amount of Link Flows (vehicles/hr)
Quantification of Emissions produced.
Network system performance
System Travel time
Total emission
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Case Study

• For case study a network area is taken into
  consideration
• Area taken was near the fort area, Mumbai.
• The traffic composition in this area
• 75-80 percent cars including taxies
• 5-20 percent two wheelers
• 5-10 percent heavy vehicles (buses and trucks).
• Auto-rickshaws are banned in this area

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Directed linear network Fort Area, Mumbai.
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Traffic flow data collection

• Data was collected on evening peak hours between
  500 p.m. to 700 p.m. , on weeks middle working
  days (tuesday, wednesday and thursday) .
• The user equilibrium technique was applied to get
  the OD matrix and the traffic volumes were
  estimated for each link (there were 28 links in
  total).
• The flow in each link was calculated and the link
  lengths were obtained.

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For Current Study

• Three different kind of vehicles Cars, buses and
  Two wheelers were considered.
• Emissions of CO and TSP (Total Suspended
  Particulates), was calculated for each link.
• Emissions for whole network under study, for each
  vehicle type and pollutant were calculated.

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Input O-D Matrix

• 1 2 3 4 7 8 12 13 14
• 1 0 205 205 68 27 55 218 19 295
• 2 400 0 699 91 78 186 514 59 446
• 3 115 263 0 102 37 66 285 21 327
• 4 50 111 195 0 54 61 136 9 144
• 7 50 134 188 88 0 39 186 20 181
• 8 277 478 401 84 72 0 390 45 362
• 12 251 691 942 153 188 223 0 149 915
• 13 20 32 28 16 13 36 221 0 41
• 14 298 454 944 130 186 148 850 85 0

Source Varia (2004)
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The input data
Emission factors (g/km) (Gurjar et al., 2004)
Link Flows vehicles per hour (Varia, 2004)
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OUTPUT

• Path is MGRoad
• No. of two_wheeler running on this path 339.98
• No. of Car running on this path 1535.38
• No. of Bus running on this path 119.64
• Emission of CO by two_wheeler is 2.17587
• Emission of CO by Car is 20.8812
• Emission of CO by Bus is 0.449846
• Emission on this path of gas CO is 23.5069
• Emission of tsp by two_wheeler is 0.135992
• Emission of tsp by Car is 0.40534
• Emission of tsp by Bus is 0.110069
• Emission on this path of gas tsp is 0.651401

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OUTPUT

• For network Fort_area_network
• Total CO Emissions from two-wheeler (kg/hr) is
  29.10
• Total CO Emissions from Car (kg/hr) is 277.82
• Total CO Emissions from Bus (kg/hr) is 5.98
• Total Emission of gas CO (kg/hr) is 312.91
• Total TSP Emissions from two-wheeler (kg/hr) is
  1.81
• Total TSP Emissions from Car (kg/hr) is 5.39
• Total TSP Emissions from Bus (kg/hr) is 1.46
• Total Emission of gas TSP (kg/hr) is 8.67

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Results
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Conclusion

• Trip Assignment Techniques
• Aim of Trip Assignment
• Types of Trip Assignment
• Vehicular Emission Factors
• Measurement
• Factors influencing emission factors
• Calculation of Emissions
• Simulation study analysis

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Future Scope of Study

• Total emissions from the network (explained in
  case study) shall be calculated. In the same
  network a mass transit system shall be introduced
  and a comparison analysis, will be made for two
  cases.
• The emission factors used for the current study
  are based on an aggregate effect of driving cycle
  considerations. For future study emission factor
  for different vehicle speeds and variation of
  emission factor over a driving cycle shall be
  analyzed specifically for average cruise speeds
  and acceleration periods.
• Experiments will be carried out to obtain
  emission values at few links of the study area.
  The observed values will be compared with the
  emission factor calculations. Source
  apportionment will be attempted.

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References

• Gurjar, B.R., (2004), Emission factors
  characterization Atmospheric Environment, 38,
  5663-5681
• Traffic Assignment Techniques, Roy Thomas (1991),
  The Academic Publishing group, Hants, London
• Traffic Flow on Transportation Networks (1980),
  G.F.Newell, The MIT press
• Luhar, A.K., and Patil, R.S., (1986), Estimation
  of emission factors for Indian vehicles. Indian
  Journal of Air Pollution Control 7, 155-160.
• Pundir, B.P., Jain, A.K., and Gogia, D.K.,
  (1994), Vehicle emissions and control
  perspectives in India A state of art report.
  Engines laboratory, IIP , Dehradun.
• The Automotive Research Association of
  India(ARAI),(2004), Motor Cycle Emission Control
  in India, Asian Vehicle Emission Control
  Conference, Pune

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THANK YOU