Basic Biomechanics, 5th edition by Susan J' Hall, Ph'D'

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Basic Biomechanics, (5th edition)by Susan J.
Hall, Ph.D.
Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human
Motion ?????????
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What is anatomical reference position?

• erect standing position with all body parts
  facing forward
• considered the starting point for all body
  segment movements

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Directional terms

• superior closer to the head
• inferior farther away from the head
• anterior toward the front of the body
• posterior toward the back of the body

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Directional terms

• medial toward the midline of the body
• lateral away form the midline of the body
• proximal closer to the trunk
• distal away from the trunk

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Directional terms

• superficial toward the surface of the body
• deep inside the body away from the surface

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Reference planes

• sagittal plane - in which forward and backward
  movements occur
• frontal plane - in which lateral movements
  occur
• transverse plane - in which rotational
  movements occur

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Reference axes

• mediolateral axis - around which
• rotations in the sagittal plane occur
• anteroposterior axis - around which
• rotations in the sagittal plane occur
• longitudinal axis - around which
• rotational movements occur

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Forms of motion
Linear motion motion along a line

• Rectilinear motion (along a straight line)
• Curvilinear motion (along a curved line)

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Forms of motion
Angular motion rotation around an axis
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Forms of motion
General motion a combination of linear and
angular motion (includes most human motion)
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What is a mechanical system?

• a body or portion of a body that is
• deliberately chosen by the analyst
• examples throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk
  during performance of a lift, the entire body
  during performance of a maximal vertical
  jump

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What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

• flexion
• extension
• hyperextension
• dorsiflexion
• plantar flexion

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What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
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What movements occur in the frontal plane?

• abduction adduction
• lateral flexion
• elevation depression
• inversion eversion
• radial ulnar deviation

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What movements occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction
Adduction
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What movements occur in the transverse plane?

• left right rotation
• medial lateral rotation
• supination pronation
• horizontal abduction adduction

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What movements occur in the transverse plane?
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Spatial Reference Systems

• useful for standardizing descriptions
• of human motion
• most commonly used is the Cartesian
• coordinate system
• human body joint centers are labeled
• with numerical x and y coordinates

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Spatial Reference Systems
Cartesian coordinates of the hip
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Spatial Reference Systems
Coordinates can be both positive and negative.
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Qualitative Analysis Prerequisite Knowledge

• What is the purpose of the skill?
• What are the causes of performance errors?
• How can knowledge be gained?

• experience in performing the skill
• reading available literature
• attending conferences and workshops

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Qualitative Analysis Planning

• What is the question to be answered?
• From what perspective(s) (angle and
  viewing distance) should the movement be
  viewed?
• How many observations should be taken?

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Qualitative Analysis Planning

• What plans should be made for

• performer attire
• lighting conditions
• background
• use of video

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Qualitative Analysis Conducting the Analysis
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Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human
Motion