CAT A Procedures

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CAT - A Procedures
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• Clear Heliport
• or
• V T O L
• Vertical Take off Or Landing - from ground or
  elevated helipad !

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D i s c l a i m e r
The information given in this presentation
represents my personal view and deals with
general airmanship ! I will not take
responsibility in case of training
accidents. Allways the current Flight Manual of
the helicopter used for training has to be
regarded as the correct source of information.
The autor
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What does CAT A mean ?
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Flying according to CAT A means generally to fly
in such a way, that in case of engine failure
during take off or landing, the helicopter can
either safely continue the flight or safely abort
it land and come to a full stop. This means
basically an operating procedure like in airline
transport. Keeping this in mind, it is logic that
CAT A procedures are only possible with multi
engine helicopters and its also logic that
CAT A performance depends on OEI (One Engine
Inoperative) performance. To compare a
performance of different helicopters, everyone
using CAT A should use the same parameters (i.e.
minimum helipad dimensions, payload with same
range). Performance criteria's are laid down by
the certifying agencies (i.e. JAA)
but not by the helicopter manufacture !!
This presentation explains only the basis of
procedures !!!
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CAT A Procedures
Performance data
Every helicopter operation is limited through
available power, possible aerodynamical drag
or use of optional equipment. Before each CAT A
operation, the pilot has to verify MGM (Max.
possible Gross Mass) according to W A T ( Weight
Altitude Temperature ), limitations resulting
from optional equipment and special instructions
according FLM. Limiting parameters will be given
in terms of Graphs or Tables.
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• Clear Heliport Procedures

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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A take off ?
1. Hover power read xx 2. Stick trim slowly
forward 3. Power pull slowly 10
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A take off ?
4. Heli shouldt accelerate and climb to
exactely meet the T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A take off ?
5. At TDP - callout Decision
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
T D P Take off Decision Point
Is the first point in a take off profile from
which a safe continued take off capability is
assured! The TDP depends on actual gross mass and
ambient conditions but is always a combination of
airspeed and height. Normally it should be
calculated before each take off.
To make calculations easier, many helicopter
manufactures use the worst case scenario for
certification, which means that the given TDP
datas are fixed values for max. certified WAT.
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A take off ?
6. After TDP adjust slowly V y and set
climb power (max. MCP)
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
Review - How to perform a CAT A take off ?
1. Hover power read xx 2. Stick trim slowly
forward 3. Power pull slowly 10
4. Heli shouldt accelerate and climb to
exactely meet the T D P
5. At TDP - callout Decision
6. After TDP adjust slowly V y and set
climb power (max. MCP)
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Cyclic stick / initiate
flare (if height permitts)
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Cyclic stick / initiate
flare (if height permitts) 2. Collective and
stick set for normal approach descent 3. Speed
reduce to terminate approach with - minimum
speed / maximum power - (plan for hover landing)
T D P
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Cyclic stick / initiate
flare (if height permitts) 2. Collective and
stick set for normal approach descent 3. Speed
reduce to terminate approach with - minimum
speed / maximum power - (plan for hover landing)
4. After touch down - lower collective slowly 5.
Perform O E I shut down
T D P
Hover 4 ft
STOP
Actual rejected Take off distance
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Cyclic stick / initiate
flare (if height permitts) 2. Collective and
stick set for normal approach descent 3. Speed
reduce to terminate approach with - minimum
speed / maximum power - (plan for hover landing)
4. After touch down - lower collective slowly 5.
Perform O E I shut down
T D P
Hover 4 ft
STOP
STOP
Actual rejected Take off distance
Rejected take off distance ( from FLM )
We calculate whorst case !
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5
min. PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS
T D P
VTOSS positive climb
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5
min. PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS
T D P
VTOSS positive climb
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5
min. PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS 3. At 200 ft AHE -
speed adjust Vy
T D P
Vy
VTOSS positive climb
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5
min. PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS 3. At 200 ft AHE -
speed adjust Vy 4. After Vy - set OEI / MCP 5. O
E I shutdown perform and continue climb in
segment II
T D P
Vy
Minimum height 35 ft AHE
VTOSS positive climb
Continued take off distance ( from FLM )
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A landing ?
Key point
Correct approach angle meets Vy plus 1/2 wind
factor
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A landing ?
Key point
L D P
Correct approach angle meets Vy plus 1/2 wind
factor
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A landing ?
Key point
L D P
Correct approach angle meets Vy plus 1/2 wind
factor
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
Callout Decision
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A landing ?
L D P - Landing Decision Point Is the last
point in the approach path from which a safe go
around is assured The LDP depends on actual gross
mass and ambient conditions but is always a
combination of airspeed and height. Normaly it
shouldt be calculated before each landing.
To make calculations easier, many helicopter
manufactures use the whorst case scenario for
certification, which means that the given LDP
datas are fixed values for max. certified WAT.
Key point
L D P
Correct approach angle meets Vy plus 1/2 wind
factor
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
Callout Decision
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
How to perform a CAT A landing ?
L D P - Landing Decision Point Is the last
point in the approach path from which a safe go
around is assured The LDP depends on actual gross
mass and ambient conditions but is always a
combination of airspeed and height. Normaly it
shouldt be calculated before each landing.
To make calculations easier, many helicopter
manufactures use the whorst case scenario for
certification, which means that the given LDP
datas are fixed values for max. certified WAT.
Key point
L D P
Correct approach angle meets Vy plus 1/2 wind
factor
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
Callout Decision
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5
min. PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS 3. At 200 ft AHE -
speed adjust Vy 4. At Vy - set OEI / MCP 5. O E I
shutdown perform and continue climb in segment II
If failure occures before LDP ?
L D P
Additional safety !!
Minimum required height 50 ft AHE
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective maintain
position (depending on point of failure) 2.
Speed reduce slowly to terminate approach with
- minimum speed / maximum power - (plan for
hover landing)
L D P
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CAT A - Clear Heliport
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective maintain
position (depending on point of failure) 2.
Speed reduce slowly to terminate approach with
- minimum speed / maximum power - (plan for
hover landing) 3. After touch down - lower
collective slowly 4. Perform O E I shut down
L D P
Height of 50 ft AHE
STOP
Landing distance required ( from FLM )
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CAT A Clear Heliport
F l i g h t p a t h s e g m e n t s
Continued take off distance
Climb Segment I with VTOSS minimum 100 ft/min
climb
Climb Segment II with Vy minimum 150 ft/min climb
1000 ft AHE
Horizontal acceleration
Vy
200 ft AHE
TDP
VTOSS positive climb
Hover power approx. 10 for T/O
Max. O E I - M C P
O E I - 2,5 Min. PWR
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• VTOL Procedures

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CAT A - V T O L
V T O L
Minimum dimensions ( EC 135) for T/O and landing
Elevated helipad dimensions minimum 20 X 20 m
GND helipad dimensions minimum 15 X 15 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
Check H visible in lower window !
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
Maintain helipad with correct angle in sight
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
T D P
Maintain helipad with correct angle in sight
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
At TDP Adjust Cyclic stick to 10 nose down
position and set TOP for smooth forward climb.
Callout Decision
T D P
Maintain helipad with correct angle in sight
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a CAT A - VTOL take off ?
At TDP Adjust Cyclic stick to 10 nose down
position and set TOP for smooth forward climb.
Callout Decision
At Vy Set climb power (max MCP) and continue
climb in segment II
T D P
Maintain helipad with correct angle in sight
Climb backwards with 300 ft / min.
Hover 10 ft and check PWR
Hover 4 ft
Hover back 3 m
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CAT A - V T O L
Minimum obstacle clearance and flight path
Variable T D Ps
Obstacle safety minimum 35 ft
Rearward T/O flight path not below 25
50 ft
25 ft
No obstacles !
Max. obstacles !
20 m
80 m
135 m
Center of heliport
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CAT A - V T O L
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Cyclic stick / nose down
(if height permitts) and keep the landing
spot in sight 2. Collective maintain / adjust 2,5
min. PWR 3. Terminate approach with minimum speed
(plan for hover landing) 4. Collective use to
cushion landing (Rotor RPM may drop!) 5. After
touch down - lower collective 6. Perform O E I
shut down
T D P
Rearward take off distance ( from FLM )
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CAT A - V T O L
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Attitude nose down
(depending on point of failure) to gain speed
(at TDP -15, thereafter less) 2. Collective
set to 2,5 min. PWR 3. Speed adjust VTOSS 4. At
200 ft AHE - speed adjust Vy 5. After Vy - set
OEI / MCP 6. O E I shutdown perform and continue
climb in segment II
T D P
VTOSS and positive climb
Height at VTOSS
Minimum height
Continued take off distance ( from FLM )
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CAT A - V T O L
Modified flight path
In order to clear obstacles in the flight
path, the TDP may be raised to a another height
AHE.

Variable TDP
Height at VTOSS
Minimum height
Continued take off distance
Rearward T/O distance
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CAT A - V T O L
Modified flight path
In order to clear obstacles in the flight
path, the TDP may be raised to a another height
AHE.

In this way, continued take off distance will
decrease and
height over obstacles as well as rearward take
off distance, will increase!
Variable TDP
Height gain
Height gain
Height at VTOSS
Minimum height
Continued take off distance
Rearward T/O distance
New continued take off distance
New rearward take off distance
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a VTOL landing ?
Key point Correct approach angle meets correct
speed
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
L D P
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a VTOL landing ?
Key point Correct approach angle meets correct
speed
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
L D P
Callout Decision
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a VTOL landing ?
To make calculations easier, many helicopter
manufactures use the whorst case scenario for
certification, which means that the given LDP
datas are fixed values for max. certified WAT.
Key point Correct approach angle meets correct
speed
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
L D P
Callout Decision
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CAT A - V T O L
How to perform a VTOL landing ?
Key point Correct approach angle meets correct
speed
Speed reduce Keep approach angle
L D P
Callout Decision
Hover 4 ft
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CAT A - V T O L
O E I before Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective set to 2,5 min.
PWR 2. Speed adjust VTOSS 3. At 200 ft AHE -
speed adjust Vy 4. At Vy - set OEI / MCP 5. O E I
shutdown perform and continue climb in segment II
If failure occures before LDP ?
L D P
Additional safety !!
Minimum height 35 ft AHE
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CAT A - V T O L
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective maintain position
(depending on point of failure) 2. Speed reduce
to terminate approach with minimum speed (plan
for hover landing)
L D P
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CAT A - V T O L
O E I after Decision
At engine failure 1. Collective maintain position
(depending on point of failure) 2. Speed reduce
to terminate approach with minimum speed (plan
for hover landing) 3. Collective use to cushion
landing (Rotor RPM may drop!) 4. After touch
down - lower collective 5. Perform O E I shut down
L D P
NOTE A landing distance required does not
exist but minimum helipad dimensions !
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CAT A V T O L
F l i g h t p a t h s e g m e n t s
Rearward take off distance
Continued take off distance
TDP
VTOSS positive climb
O E I - 2,5 Min. PWR
Hover power approx. 10 for T/O
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CAT A V T O L
F l i g h t p a t h s e g m e n t s
Rearward take off distance
Continued take off distance
Segment I with VTOSS minimum 100 ft/min climb
Segment II with Vy minimum 150 ft/min climb
Segment I II are like Clear Heliport !
Horizontal acceleration
1000 ft AHE
200 ft AHE
Vy
TDP
VTOSS positive climb
O E I - 2,5 Min. PWR
Max. O E I - M C P
Hover power approx. 10 for T/O
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CAT A Procedures
We hope
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CAT A Procedures
We hope you enjoyed
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CAT A Procedures
We hope you enjoyed the presentation !
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CAT A Procedures
We hope you enjoyed the presentation !
And -
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CAT A Procedures
We hope you enjoyed the presentation !
And - many happy landings !