Title: Remote Sensing
1- Remote Sensing
- Through
- Satellite Technology
2REMOTE SENSING
- The study of something without making actual
contact with the object - Making measurements of the Physical properties of
an object from a remote distance - Satellite technology is an example of remote
sensing - Satellites measure properties of the Earth and
transmits the data to receiving stations
3The Process of Remote Sensing
- There are interactions with the atmosphere
- The energy reaches the target, or object on Earth
being studied and interacts with the target based
on the targets properties. - Energy scattered by or emitted from the target is
then collected by the sensor - The sun, or the satellite itself, is the energy
source that provides electromagnetic energy - The sensor transmits the electronic information
to a receiving and processing station. Here, it
is processed into an image - The processed image is then interpreted to learn
about the target - The information is applied so that we better
understand the target, learn something new about
the target, or solve a particular problem
4 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
- Radiation energy that is emitted in wave form by
all substances - The basis for all remote sensing of the earth
5Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation consists of an
electrical field, E and a magnetic field, M.
Both of these fields travel at the speed of
light, c. Different kind of electromagnetic
radiation can be distinguished by wavelength and
frequency.
Wavelength (?) Wavelength is the length of one
wave cycle, which is the distance between two
consecutive wave crests
Frequency (v) Frequency is the number of waves
that that pass a point in a given amount of time
Wavelength and frequency are related by the
following formula c?v c- speed of light ?-
wavelength v- frequency
6The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The electromagnetic spectrum is an arrangement of
all the types of electromagnetic radiation
ordered according to wavelength
7Microwaves
- Microwaves have wavelengths that can be
measured in centimeters! The longer microwaves,
those closer to a foot in length, are the waves
which heat our food in a microwave oven.
8Infrared (IR) Light
- Infrared light lies between the visible and
microwave portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. - Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just
like visible light, that range from red light to
violet. - "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to
visible light - Far infrared" is closer to the microwave region
of the electromagnetic spectrum. - The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about
the size of a pin head and the shorter, near
infrared ones are the size of cells, or are
microscopic.
9Far Infrared Thermal
- Far infrared waves are thermal. We experience
this type of infrared radiation every day in the
form of heat! The heat that we feel from
sunlight, a fire, a radiator or a warm sidewalk
is infrared. The temperature-sensitive nerve
endings in our skin can detect the difference
between inside body temperature and outside skin
temperature. - Infrared light is sometimes used to heat food -
special lamps that emit thermal infrared waves
are often used in fast food restaurants!
10Short Infrared
- Shorter, near infrared waves are not hot at
all - in fact you cannot even feel them. These
shorter wavelengths are the ones used by your
TV's remote control.
11Visible Light
- Visible light is light that our eyes can see
- Visible light makes up an extremely small part of
the electromagnetic spectrum - Range from about 0.4 to 0.7µm
- Blue, red and green are the primary colors of
light. All other colors can be made by combining
them in various proportions. here for an
interesting activity. - Each color has a different wavelength. Red has
the longest wavelength and violet has the
shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen
together, they make white light.
12Ultraviolet (UV) Light
- Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths
than visible light. - Though these waves are invisible to the human
eye, some insects, like bumblebees, can see them! - Though some ultraviolet waves from the Sun
penetrate Earth's atmosphere, most of them are
blocked from entering by various gases like
Ozone. - Some days, more ultraviolet waves get through our
atmosphere. Scientists have developed a UV index
to help people protect themselves from these
harmful ultraviolet waves.
13A
Infrared and Remote Sensing
To make infrared pictures like the one above, we
can use special cameras and film that detect
differences in temperature, and then assign a
different brightness or false colors to them.
This provides a picture that our eyes can
interpret. there is more detail in the clouds in
the infrared. This is great for studying cloud
structure. Since the primary source of infrared
radiation is heat or thermal radiation, any
object which has a temperature radiates in the
infrared. Even objects that we think of as being
very cold, such as an ice cube, emit infrared.
When an object is not quite hot enough to radiate
visible light, it will emit most of its energy in
the infrared.
B
14Visible Light and Remote Sensing
15Infrared and Remote Sensing
- Measures radiation emitted from the Earth at a
wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere. - Allows surface temperatures to be measured from
space. - Can be used with out light
16What Are Satellites?
- Satellites are smaller objects traveling around
larger objects - Satellites may be man-made or natural, like the
moon - The two main types of satellites are
polar-orbiting and geostationary - Satellites are designed for three general
purposes science, applications, or communications
17Artificial Satellites
- Artificial Satellites are human-made space craft
that are built and sent into space by people.
These spacecraft can be crewed, such as the Space
Shuttle, or uncrewed, such as NASAs Hubble Space
Telescope
Communications Satellite
Hubble Space Telescope
NPOESS Satellite
18Polar-Orbiting Satellites
- Polar orbiting satellites travel in a circular
pattern over the North and the South Poles, so
they can look at large portions of the Earth as
it turns below them. Polar-orbiting satellites
are placed into a low-Earth orbit. They orbit at
about 800 kilometers (500 miles) above the Earth.
They travel at about 17,000 miles per hour.
19Geostationary Satellites
Geostationary satellites orbit the Earth at about
22,300 miles above the equator. Seen from Earth,
the satellite appears to be floating over a
certain spot on the equator. They are primarily
used for weather and communication.
20Scientific Satellites
- Most well-known type of satellite
- Information from these satellites clarify the
Earths history, present condition, and what the
future may hold - Other scientific satellites look away from the
Earth, studying the sun, stars, planets and other
aspects of the universe
21Application/Weather Satellites
- Application satellites are used to test and
develop ways to improve global weather
forecasting - These satellites are vital in predicting where
and when tropical storms, hurricanes, floods,
cyclones, tidal waves and forest fires may strike - The Television Infrared Observation Satellite
(TIROS), launched in 1960, was the first of a
series of meteorological satellites to carry
television cameras to photograph the Earths
cloud cover for research and forecasting - Later satellites, like the series of Nimbus
satellites first launched in 1964, had infrared
cameras as well. These satellites improved upon
storm and hurricane forecasting and played a
major role in the study of ozone depletion
22Communications Satellites
- first commercial satellites
- Aluminum-coated balloons were the first
communications satellites - The first commercially-launched satellite was
Telestar 1, launched by ATT in 1962. It
transmitted photos and phone calls between
America and Europe. This satellite was capable
of 600 phone Communications satellites were the
channels or one television channel - Today, satellites like Intelsat provide up to
120,000 simultaneous two-way telephone circuits
23Satellite Motion
- A satellite is a projectile. A projectile is
an object upon which the only force acting is
gravity.
24Satellite Motion
- The force of gravity accelerates the satellite
towards Earth. - While a satellite does fall towards the Earth,
it never falls into Earth. This is because the
Earth is round (it curves). -
25Satellite Motion
-
- In order for a satellite to successfully orbit
the Earth, it must travel a horizontal distance
of 8000 meters before falling a vertical distance
of 5 meters.
26National Polar Orbiting-Operational Environmental
Satellite System(NPOESS)
- The next generation environmental satellite
system - Serving civil, military and scientific community
- Polar orbiting satellites observing Earth from
space
27THREE AGENCIES--ONE MISSION
- Combines civilian and military environmental
remote sensing into a single national system - Combines separate and often duplicative
capabilities - Program managed by the Integrated Program Office
(IPO)
28- Background
- NPOESS will provide civilian leaders and
military commanders timely, accurate, and
reliable environmental data to protect U.S. lives
and property and ensure the Nations
environmental, economic, national, and homeland
security. NPOESS is a pathfinder interagency
program with contributions from DOC, DOD, and
NASA.
29Civilian Benefits
- Timely, accurate, and cost-effective public
warnings and forecasts of severe weather events,
reduce the potential loss of human life and
property and advance the national economy - Support of general aviation, agriculture, and
maritime communities aimed at increasing U.S.
productivity - Commitment to support long-term data continuity
for environmental monitoring and Global Change
Assessment
30Protect Safety of Life and Property
Improve the Accuracy of Severe Weather Warnings
Increase in hurricane landfall forecast skill
will save an estimated 1 million per mile of
coastline that does not have to be evacuated.
Improved Microwave Imagery/Sounding products will
improve prediction of wind speed and direction.
Improved early warnings mitigate the devastating
effects of floods through disaster planning and
response.
31National Security Benefits
- Shift tactical and strategic focus from coping
with weather to anticipating and exploiting
atmospheric and space environmental conditions - Weather permeates all aspects of military
operations. NPOESS data will provide situational
awareness which is critical to - Strategic Planning Tactical Superiority
32Technological Benefits
- Advanced cutting edge sensors increases accuracy
- Higher spatial resolution since polar stellites
are closer to the Earth - 95 of data delivered within 28 minutes
- And many other benefits
33How Will the NPOESS Satellites Send Data?
- Sensors collect raw data which is packaged by
computers on board the satellite
- Radio waves carry the raw data stream to the
ground station
Some data will be available for retrieval at
military field terminals
- Raw data is converted into digital form at the
ground station
Mobile or Laptop Field Terminal
Ground Station
Civilian and Military Agencies
- Data is sent through fiber optic cables to users
- Data is used to create useful images
34Safety Net Ground Stations
The circles represent the areas in which data may
be transmitted from the satellite to the ground
stations. The data is stored on satellites
until the satellite is over one of the 14 ground
stations (safety net).
35NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP)
- NPP, or the NPOESS Preparatory Project, is an
instrument risk reduction mission. - In 2006, the NPP satellite will be launched.
- The NPP satellite will have the following four
sensors onboard - VIIRS Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite
(IPO) CrIS Cross-track IR Sounder (IPO) - ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder
(NASA) - OMPS Ozone Mapping and Profile Suite (IPO)
- Scientists will use the NPP satellite as a test
satellite. Any problems that are found with the
satellite and sensors or with the ground stations
may be corrected before NPOESS is launched.
Users may also evaluate the information that they
are receiving from the satellite. - The NPP satellite will take over gathering data
for NASAs EOS Terra/Aqua/Aura missions
36Satellites and their Sensors
1330 1730 2130 VIIRS X X X CMIS X
X X CrIS X X ATMS X X SESS X OMPS X ADCS X X SAR
SAT X X X ERBS X SS X X X ALT X TSIS X APS X
Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor
Locations
37NPOESS Instruments
38VIIRS Visible IR Imaging Radiometer Suite
- Imagery
- Sea-surface temperature
- Aerosol optical thickness
- Aerosol particle size
- Surface albedo
- Cloud base height
- Cloud cover/layers
- Cloud Effective particle size
- Cloud top height
- Cloud top pressure
- Cloud top Temperature
- Ice surface temperature
- Land surface temperature
- Ocean color/chlorophyll
- Precipitable water
- Sea ice characterization
- Snow cover/depth
- Surface type
- Active fires
39OMPSOzone Mapping And Profiler Suite
- Ozone total column profile
40CRISCross Track IR Sounder
ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder
- Atmosphere Vertical Moisture Profile
- Atmosphere Vertical Temperature Profile
- Pressure (Surface/profile)
41Resources
- CD ROM Sentinels Against the Storm
- NASA Facts Online, NASA Fact Sheets,
Satellites, http//pao.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/servic
e/gallery/fact_sheets/general/satsum.htm,
7/13/2004 - Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Natural Resources
Canada, 7/13 - http//www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/learn/tutorials/
fundam/chapter1/chapter1_1_e.html - http//imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Imagers Project
7/14 - http//imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/sat_
to_grnd.html - http//csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/spec
trum.html - http//www.fishponds.freeserve.co.uk/emspectrum/mi
crowave.html - http//teach.fcps.net/trt10/PowerPoint.htm
- Jeopardy game
- http//www.fearofphysics.com/Satellite/satellite.
html - physics of satellite
- http//www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/vectors/u3l2
a.html - Projectile facts
- Jill Twetten and Tress Potter