Fossils

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Fossils The Geologic Time Scale
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Fossils

• Preserved remains or traces of an organism that
  lived in the past.

• Fossils are formed when organisms die and are
  buried in sediment. Eventually the sediment
  builds up and hardens to become sedimentary rock.
  
• law of superposition oldest layer is at the
  bottom and each higher layer is younger than the
  layers below

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Kinds of fossils

• Petrified - when minerals replace the remains and
  they become rock
• Mold - when the shell remains and the contents
  dissolve (hollow)
• Cast - when the mold becomes filled with minerals
  that are not a part of the original organism

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PETRIFIED MOLD
CAST
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• Sometimes whole animals become preserved intact,
  but this is very rare. If an organism is
  surrounded by ice or tar they might be discovered
  looking much the same as they did when they died.

AETOSAUR FOUND IN THE NATIONAL PETRIFIED FOREST
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Relative Dating

• Relative dating looks at where the fossil is
  located to determine its age relative to other
  fossils. This only works if the area has been
  undisturbed.

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Absolute Dating

• Uses radioactive elements near the fossils to
  determine the actual age of the fossils.

• By determining the age of the radioactive
  element, scientists can calculate the age of the
  fossil buried nearby.

The absolute age of fossils is estimated by
dating associated igneous rock and lava flows.
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Radioactive dating

• Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a
  technique used to date materials such as rocks or
  carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities
  were selectively incorporated when they formed

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Index Fossils

• Index fossils (also known as guide fossils,
  indicator fossils or zone fossils) are fossils
  used to define and identify geologic periods (or
  faunal stages).
• Help geologist match rocks layers and represent
  a type of organism that existed only briefly

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Fossil Record

• The dating of all fossils is included in the
  Geological Time Scale. This scale divides the
  time that the earth has existed into 4 eras.
• Eras are then divided into periods based on
  common events in that time period.

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The Geologic Timeline

• a record of the life forms and geologic events
  in Earths history

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Pre-Cambrian

• Began with the formation of the Earth 4.6 billion
  years ago.
• Bacteria appeared 3.5 billion years ago, followed
  by algae and fungi.

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Paleozoic Era

• Divided into 5 periods
• Cambrian period - Sponges, snails, clams and
  worms evolve
• Ordovician period - First fishes evolved and
  other species become extinct
• Silurian period - Land plants, insects and
  spiders appear

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• Devonian period - Amphibians evolve and
  cone-bearing plants start to appear.
• Carbonferous period - Tropical forests appear and
  reptiles evolve.
• Permian period - Seed plants become common and
  insects and retiles become widespread. Sea
  animals and some amphibians begin to disappear.

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Mesozoic Era

• Divided into 3 periods
• Triassic period - Turtles and crocodiles evolve
  and dinosaurs appear.
• Jurassic period - Large dinosaurs roam the world.
  First mammals and birds appear.
• Cretaceous period - Flowering plants appear,
  mammals become more common, dinosaurs
• become extinct.

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Mesozoic

• began about 245 million years ago and lasted
  about 180 million years the Age of the Dinosaurs
  and mammals began to evolve meso- means middle

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Cenozoic Era

• Divided into 2 periods
• Tertiary period - First primates appear and
  flowering plants become the most common.
• Quaternary period - Humans evolve and large
  mammals like woolly mammoths become extinct.

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Cenozoic

• most recent era began about 65 million years
  ago and continues to present day the Age of
  Mammals ceno- means recent
• 3. Periods these are subdivided eras and are
  characterized by what life existed worldwide
• 4. Epochs further subdivided periods of the
  Cenozoic Era because the fossil record of this
  era is more complete and there are a lot more
  events to place in sequence.