Lecture 2: Facts of network technologies developments

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Lecture 2 Facts of network technologies
developments

• Networking Trends

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Introduction

• Computer networks
• A computer network is a system of interconnected
  computers and peripheral devices.
• Communication
• Communications is about the transfer of
  information from a sender, across a distance, to
  a receiver
• The older forms of communications technology,
  such as telephones and radios, use analog
  signals.
• Computers communicate with digital signals.

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Top Networking Research Topics

• Security
• Mobile Computing
• Network-based computing
• Cloud Computing
• Grid Computing
• Internet-of-things (IoT)
• Voice-over-IP (VoIP)
• Large-scale wireless networks (Sensors, RFID)
• High-speed wireless

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Mobile Computing

• Mobile computing is a generic term describing
  one's ability to use technology while moving.
• Mobile computing involves mobile communication,
  mobile hardware, and mobile software.
• Mobile Hardware includes mobile devices or device
  components.
• Mobile software deals with the characteristics
  and requirements of mobile applications.
• Communication issues in mobile computing include
  ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as
  communication properties, protocols, data formats
  and the existing technologies.

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Mobile Computing Items

• There are at least three different classes of
  mobile computing items
• portable computers, compacted lightweight units
  including a full character set keyboard and
  primarily intended as hosts for software that may
  be parameterized, as laptops, notebooks,
  notepads, etc.
• mobile phones including a restricted key set
  primarily intended but not restricted to for
  vocal communications, as cell phones, smart
  phones, phonepads, etc.
• wearable computers, mostly limited to functional
  keys and primarily intended as incorporation of
  software agents, as watches, wristbands,
  necklaces, keyless implants, etc.
• The existence of these classes is expected to be
  long lasting, and complementary in personal
  usage, none replacing one the other in all
  features of convenience..

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Mobile Computing Devices and Limitations

• Devices
• Many types of mobile computers have been
  introduced since the 1990s including the
• Personal digital assistant/enterprise digital
  assistant
• Smartphone
• Tablet computer
• Ultra-Mobile PC
• Wearable computer
• Limitations
• Range Bandwidth
• Security standards
• Power consumption
• Transmission interferences
• Potential health hazards
• Human interface with device

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Internet-based technologies and services VoIP

• VoIP
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general
  term for a family of transmission technologies
  for delivery of voice communications over IP
  networks such as the Internet or 
  other  packet-switched networks.
• Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous
  with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony,
  voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony,
  and broadband phone.

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VoIP

• Internet telephony refers to communications
  services including voice, fax, and
  voice-messaging applications-that are transported
  via the Internet, rather than the public switched
  telephone network (PSTN).
• The basic steps involved in originating an
  Internet telephone call are
• conversion of the analog voice signal to digital
  format , and
• compression/translation of the signal into
  Internet protocol(IP) packets for transmission
  over the Internet
• the process is reversed at the receiving end.

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VoIP

• VoIP systems employ session control protocols to
  control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well
  as audio codes which encode speech allowing
  transmission over an IP network as digital audio
  via an audio stream.
• Codec use is varied between different
  implementations of VoIP
• some implementations rely on narrowband and
  compressed speech, while others support high
  fidelity stereocodes

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Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a
  service rather than a product, whereby shared
  resources, software, and information are provided
  to computers and other devices as a utility (like
  the electricity grid) over a network (typically
  the Internet). Clouds can be classified as
  public, private or hybrid.

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Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to
  achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar
  to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a
  network.
• At the foundation of cloud computing is the
  broader concept of converged infrastructure and
  shared services.
• Cloud computing, or in simpler shorthand just
  "the cloud", also focuses on maximizing the
  effectiveness of the shared resources.
• Cloud resources are usually not only shared by
  multiple users but are also dynamically
  reallocated per demand. This can work for
  allocating resources to users.

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The Internet of Things

• The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the
  interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded
  computing-like devices within the existing
  Internet infrastructure.

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The Internet of things

• We have passed the threshold where more things
  are connected to the Internet than people.
• The transition to IPv6 also supports seemingly
  limitless connectivity.
• Cisco IBSG predicts the number of
  Internet-connected things will reach 50 billion
  by 2020, which equates to more than six devices
  for every person on Earth.
• Many of us in the developed world already have
  three or more full-time devices connected to the
  Internet when factoring in PCs, smartphones,
  tablets, television devices and the like.

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The Internet of Things

• Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety
  of devices such as heart monitoring implants,
  biochip transponders on farm animals, automobiles
  with built-in sensors, or field operation devices
  that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue.
• Future IoT? IoT of sensor networks, using
  low-power sensors that "collect, transmit,
  analyze and distribute data on a massive scale,"
  says Evans.

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The Internet of Things

• Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced
  connectivity of devices, systems, and services
  that goes beyond machine-to-machine
  communications (M2M) and covers a variety of
  protocols, domains, and applications.
• IoT Applications
• Environmental Monitoring, Infrastructure
  Management, Industrial Applications, Energy
  Management, Medical and Healthcare Systems,
  Building and Home Automation, Transport Systems,
  Large Scale Deployments
• IoT Trends
• Intelligence, Architecture, Complex system

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

• A sensor network is a wireless network that
  consists of thousands of very small nodes called
  sensors.

Figure 1 Architecture of wireless sensor
networks
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Wireless Sensor Networks (cont.)

• WSN Sensors are equipped with sensing, limited
  computation, and wireless communication
  capabilities.

Typical hardware components of a sensor node in
wireless sensor networks
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WSNs Applications
WSNs Applications
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WSNs Challenges

• Limited Sensor Resources
• Battery power, computation capability, memory,
  etc.
• Networking Challenges
• Limited bandwidth, routing, multi-hop
  communication, mobility, topology control, large
  no. of sensors, frequent node on/off, etc.
• Environment/Application-Driven Challenges
• Requirements, extreme conditions, interference,
  etc.
• Other Challenges
• Security, synchronization, localization,
  deployment..