Your%20Digestive%20and%20Urinary%20Systems

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Your Digestive and Urinary Systems

• Chapter 18

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Digestive Function

• Digestion A mechanical and chemical breakdown of
  foods for use by the bodys cells.
• Absorption The passage of digested food from the
  digestive tract into the circulatory system.
• Elimination The expulsion of undigested food or
  body wastes.

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The Digestive Structure

• Ingestion The taking of food into the body.
• Mastication The process of chewing.
• Digestion begins in the mouth with the salivary
  glands. These glands contain enzymes used to
  begin the process of breaking down food.

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The Digestive Structure

• Your tongue will automatically ball food up into
  a shape suitable for swallowing.
• The food first enters the pharynx , followed by
  the esophagus on its path to your stomach.
• Epiglottis The small flap that covers your
  trachea to prevent food from entering.

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The Digestive Structure

• Talking while eating will prevent complete
  closure of the epiglottis, causing a natural
  reflex reaction and choking to remove remnants of
  food from the trachea (your windpipe).

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The Digestive Structure

• Peristalsis A series of involuntary smooth
  muscle contractions moving food through your
  esophagus.
• A sphincter muscle, circular in shape, opens and
  closes letting food into the stomach.

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The Digestive Structure

• The sphincter muscles throughout the digestive
  tract prevent stomach acid from entering the
  esophagus and food from backing up through the
  digestion system.

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The Digestive Structure

• The stomach is a hollow organ which consists of a
  three layered, muscular wall, designed to expand
  when it becomes filled.
• The stomach serves four main purposes in the
  digestive process

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The Digestive Structure

• Continuing the breakdown of food
• A storage facility for food waiting to enter the
  small intestines.
• Mixes food together with Pepsin (an enzyme) and
  hydrochloric acid. The pepsin breaks down
  proteins. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria taken
  in from the food and creates a better digestive
  environment.

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The Digestive Structure

• A mucus lining is found in the stomach to prevent
  the stomachs acids from digesting itself. These
  cells are replaced every three days.
• And finally, the stomach controls the rate at
  which food enters the small intestines.
• Check p. 415 for stomach facts.

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The Digestive Structure

• When the stomach churns food it produces what is
  known as chyme, a mixture of gastric acids and
  liquefied food. This production causes
  peristalsis.

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The Digestive Structure

• The small intestine is where the majority of
  digestion and absorption takes place.
• It is approximately 20-23 feet in length and one
  inch in diameter.
• The small intestine absorbs the chyme through the
  villi, tiny fingerlike substances that have
  capillaries in them to absorb food into the
  blood.
• Complete chemical breakdown of food, including
  proteins, fats and carbohydrates, takes place in
  the small intestines.

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The Digestive Structure

• Intestinal juices and secretions from the liver
  and pancreas finish the chemical breakdown
  process of food in the small intestine.
• The large intestine, or colon, is about 5-6 feet
  long and 2 ½ inches in diameter.
• The primary function of the large intestine is to
  absorb water, vitamins and electrolytes and
  evacuate any unused waste products.
• The bacteria in the large intestine change food
  stuffs into a semi solid waste product.

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The Digestive Structure

• The Liver second largest organ in your body,
  primary purpose is to regulate the chemicals in
  your blood.
• The Gallbladder a small organ underneath the
  liver that stores bile produced by the liver, to
  later be released into the small intestines to
  break down fats.

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The Digestive Structure

• Pancreas A unique organ that is part of the
  digestive and endocrine systems. It releases
  insulin to control blood sugar and trypsin,
  amylase and lipase to digest proteins, carbs and
  fats.

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Digestive Care

• It is important to have a diet with high amounts
  of fiber.
• Soluble fiber will dissolve in water and can
  lower your bad cholesterol.
• Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water,
  making it a a good protector from bowel problems
  and possibly even colon cancer.

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Digestive Problems

• Indigestion a burning discomfort in the upper
  abdomen.
• Causes
• Eating too much
• Eating too quickly
• Eating certain foods
• Stomach disorders
• Stress

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Digestive Problems

• Heartburn (A.K.A.- Acid Reflux) A burning
  sensation in the middle to upper part of the
  chest.
• The primary cause is a backflow of stomach acid
  up into the esophagus, specifically caused by an
  incomplete closure of the sphincter found between
  the esophagus and stomach.

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Digestive Problems

• Hiatal Hernia A condition in which part of the
  stomach pushes through an opening in the
  diaphragm. This may also cause heartburn.
• Gas Certain foods produced greater amounts of
  gas in the stomach and intestines, making it
  uncomfortable.

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Digestive Problems

• Nausea A feeling of distress or weakness that
  often precedes vomiting.
• Nausea can be produced by motion, pathogens,
  medicines, drugs or other substances in the
  stomach.

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Digestive Problems

• Diarrhea A condition where the feces are watery
  and expelled frequently.
• Diarrhea can be caused by poor diet, or viral or
  bacterial infections.
• Constipation The feces become dry and hard
  making bowel movements difficult.

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Digestive Problems

• Constipation A condition where the feces become
  dry and hard, making bowel movements difficult.
• Not enough fiber in your diet can result in
  constipation.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Gallstones small crystals which form in your
  bladder as a result of chemical disruption in the
  bile.
• Can be treated with medicine to dissolve them or
  ultrasonic shock waves to destroy them.
• Surgery is only if they cannot be destroyed.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Appendicitis An inflammation of the appendix, a
  3-4 inch extension at one end of the large
  intestine. The condition is caused by a backup
  of bacteria in one end of the organ.
• Symptoms might be lower adominal pain, cramping,
  fever, nausea, vomiting, the feeling of
  constipation and gas.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Gastritis An inflammation of the mucus membrane
  which lines the stomach.
• Caused by poor diet, smoking, alcohol or
  bacteria.
• Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea or
  vomiting.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Lactose Intolerance The inability to digest
  lactose, a sugar found in milk.
• People who are lactose intolerant lack or are
  deficient of the enzyme lactase, which helps
  break down lactose in the small intestine.
• Symptoms include cramps, bloating, gas and
  diarrhea.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Peptic Ulcer A sore in the lining of the
  digestive tract. It can occur in the esophagus,
  stomach or duodenum.
• Ulcers occur when the protective lining is
  damaged allowing the acids to eat away at it.

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Increased risk caused by aspirin, ibuprofen,
  smoking and a bacterial infection (H. Pylori).

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Structural Digestive Problems

• Colitis An inflammation of the colon, often
  caused by a virus, bacteria or an amoeba.
• Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower rectum or
  anus region. Constipation, sitting a lot,
  pregnancy and giving birth are common causes.
• Tooth Decay Health teeth lead to a healthy diet.

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The Urinary System

• Urine Liquid waste containing nitrogen and
  unused nutrients, vitamins and minerals.
• The Kidneys Located on each side of your back,
  these fist sized organs continually filter your
  blood.
• 50 gallons filtered each day

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The Kidneys

• Nephrons These are the functional part of the
  kidney. Each one contains a tubule with a series
  of capillaries, called a glomerulus, that
  functions as the filtering funnel.
• The kidneys filter wasted from your blood and
  regulate the amount of salt and water excreted
  into the urine.

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The Kidneys

• Ureters Tubes that connect to the kidneys to
  your bladder.
• Bladder A hollow reservoir (storage tank) for
  urine. The average size of a male bladder is
  larger than a female bladder.
• Urethra The tube that leads from the bladder to
  the outside of the body.

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Care for Urinary System

• The best way to naturally care for your urinary
  system is to eat healthy, non-toxic foods, and to
  drink plenty of water (about 6-8 glasses of water
  per day, which included foods that contain water).

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Kidney Problems

• Cystitis A bacterial infection of the bladder,
  most common in females.
• Urethritis An inflammation of the urethra.
• Incontinence The inability to hold in your urine.

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Kidney Problems

• Nephritis An inflammation of the nephrons.
• Kidney Stones Hard crystals formed from
  substances in the urine.
• If the stone can not be passed through the urine
  naturally, then a procedure known as lithotripsy
  is used to break the stones apart with high
  intensity sound waves.

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Kidney Problems

• Uremia When the kidneys are unable to rid waste
  from the body, poisonous substances being to
  build.
• Kidney Failure Any disease that can damage your
  kidneys can cause failure.

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Kidney Problems

• Three ways to help with kidney failure
• Hemodialysis the use of an artificial machine to
  filter the blood.
• Peritoneal Dialysis Inserting a tube into the
  peritoneal cavity, which acts as a blood
  filtering organ.
• Kidney Transplant A very successful transplant
  procedure, over 80.