Urinalysis

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Urinalysis
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Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards
Addressed

• AS.07.01. Design programs to prevent animal
  diseases, parasites and other disorders and
  ensure animal welfare.
• AS.07.01.01.a. Identify and summarize specific
  tools and technology used in animal health
  management.
• AS.07.01.02.a. Explain methods of determining
  animal health and disorders.

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Urinalysis

• provides information about how the kidneys are
  functioning and if wastes are being properly
  filtered from the body

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Specimen Collection

• Free Catch
• the simplest method of collecting urine

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Specimen Collection

• Free Catch
• Samples from dogs can be caught with a pan or
  soup ladle.

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Specimen Collection

• Free Catch
• Use a metal pie plate for
• females.

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Specimen Collection

• Free Catch
• To collect from a cat, replace the cat
  litter with a shredded plastic bag or plastic
  pellets.

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Specimen Collection

• 2. Manual Expression
• involves palpating the bladder through the
  abdomen then applying pressure to it to
  encourage urination.

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Specimen Collection

• 2. Manual Expression
• mainly used for animals that are unable to
  urinate on their own due to an injury or
  illness.

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Specimen Collection

• 2. Manual Expression
• Animals with obstructions should never be
  manually expressed.

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Specimen Collection

• 3. Catheterization
• performed by inserting a
• plastic, or rubber catheter through the
  urethra into the bladder.

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Specimen Collection

• 3. Catheterization
• - The size and type of catheter used depends on
  the sex and species of animal.

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Specimen Collection

• 3. Catheterization
• - performed aseptically to prevent infection
  and is used in emergencies and for immobile
  animals that need long-term care.

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Specimen Collection

• 4. Cystocentesis
• performed by inserting a needle through the
  abdomen into the bladder.

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Specimen Collection

• 4. Cystocentesis
• Aseptic technique is used to prevent
  infection.

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Specimen Collection

• 4. Cystocentesis
• performed to obtain a pure urine sample or
  to relieve bladder pressure on an obstructed
  animal.

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Evaluation

• should occur within 30 minutes of collection,
  however samples can be refrigerated overnight if
  necessary

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Evaluation

• Refrigerated samples should be brought to room
  temperature before they are evaluated.

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Evaluation

• Color
• - In most species urine is a pale yellow to
  amber color.

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Evaluation

• Color
• - correlates to specific gravity.
• lighter colored urine lower specific
  gravity

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Evaluation

• Color
• - correlates to specific gravity.
• darker colored urine higher specific
  gravity

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Evaluation

• Color
• - correlates to specific gravity.
• red urine hematuria (red blood cells in
  urine)

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Evaluation

• Color
• - correlates to specific gravity.
• yellowish-brown foamy urine presences of
  bile pigments

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Evaluation

• Color
• - Some species, like the rabbit, have urine
  that is normally a darker orange to
  reddish-brown.

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Evaluation

• Transparency
• clear, cloudy, or flocculent

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Evaluation

• Transparency
• clear, fresh urine is normal for most species

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Evaluation

• Transparency
• cloudy urine indicates the presence of cells,
  bacteria, crystals, or fats, but in the horse,
  rabbit and hamster cloudy urine is normal

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Evaluation

• Transparency
• flocculent describes urine that has pieces
  of floating debris in it caused by the presence
  of cells, fats, or mucus

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Evaluation

• Specific Gravity
• - measures the concentration or density of
  urine compared to distilled water.

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 1. Refractometer
• - refracts light through urine and measures
  density by comparing it to the amount of light
  that will pass through distilled water.

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 1. Refractometer
• is also used to measure total plasma protein

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 2. Urinometer
• - a bulb is floated in a cylinder filled with
  urine.

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 2. Urinometer
• - specific gravity is read off a scale
  attached to the bulb

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 2. Urinometer
• - requires a larger sample than the other
  methods

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 3. Reagent strips
• - contain a chemical pad that changes color
  when dipped into urine

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Evaluation

• - Three ways to measure sg.
• 3. Reagent strips
• - the color change is read using a scale on
  the reagent container

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Average Specific Gravity

• Dog 1.025
• Cat 1.030
• Horse 1.035
• Cattle 1.015
• Swine 1.015
• Sheep 1.030

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Specific Gravity

• An increased sg could indicate dehydration,
  decreased water intake, acute renal disease, or
  shock.

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Specific Gravity

• A decreased sg could indicate increased water
  intake, chronic renal disease, or other diseases.

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Specific Gravity

• A decreased sg could indicate increased water
  intake, chronic renal disease, or other diseases.

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Chemistry

• The chemical components evaluated in urine are

ketones bile blood
pH protein glucose
yeast sperm
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Chemistry

• performed using reagent strips

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Chemistry

• The chemical components provide information used
  to diagnose problems such as diabetes, renal
  failure, liver infections, muscle disease,
  inflammation of the urinary tract, and ketosis.

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Sediment

• Provides information on the types and numbers of
  cells present.

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Sediment

• Cells commonly seen are
• RBCs
• WBCs
• Epithelial cells

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Sediment

• All of these cells are normal in small amounts
  large amounts indicate disease or infection.

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Sediment

• Excess RBCs indicate hemorrhaging of the
  urinary tract.

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Sediment

• Excess WBCs indicate inflammation of the
  urinary tract.

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Sediment

• Epithelial cells are sloughed from the urinary
  tract as they wear out, but trauma to the urinary
  tract will also cause sloughing.

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Sediment

• Other components
• - bacteria
• - crystals
• - casts

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Sediment

• Bacteria
• - indicates infection or contamination of the
  sample by improper handling

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Sediment

• Bacteria
• - If bacteria are present with an increased
  number of WBCs then infection is likely.

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Sediment

• Crystals
• - form due to influences from pH, urine
  concentration, and diet

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Sediment

• Crystals
• - do not necessarily indicate a disease, but
  they do cause problems in large amounts by
  irritating the urinary tract, causing blood in
  the urine (hematuria) and pain

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Sediment

• Crystals
• - bond together creating stones that can block
  urine flow and may eventually cause death.

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Sediment

• Crystals
• - Stones and crystals are especially serious in
  males due to the size and shape of the urethra.

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Sediment

• Casts
• - tubular clumps of cells or other materials
  that form in the collecting tubules of the
  kidney.

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Sediment

• Casts
• - Large numbers indicates a problem in the
  collecting tubules.

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Sediment

• The types of casts are
• Hyaline
• Fine granular
• WBC/RBC

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Susceptibility Testing

• performed to determine how bacteria will respond
  to an antibiotic since some types of bacteria do
  not respond in a predictable manner

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Susceptibility Testing

• Testing is important so that an effective
  antibiotic can be found.

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Susceptibility Testing

• The main methods used to test antibiotic
  sensitivity are
• broth dilution
• agar diffusion

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Susceptibility Testing

• Broth dilution
• uses a series of test tubes that contain
  varying concentrations of the same antibiotic.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Broth dilution
• The test tubes are inoculated with bacteria and
  incubated.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Broth dilution
• The test tube that has the lowest antibiotic
  concentration with no bacteria growth indicates
  the minimum amount of antibiotic that is
  effective.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Agar diffusion
• uses petri dishes coated with bacteria

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Susceptibility Testing

• Agar diffusion
• Disks containing antibiotics are placed on the
  petri dishes and incubated.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Agar diffusion
• After incubation, the zone of inhibition is
  measured to determine which antibiotic is most
  effective.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Agar diffusion
• The zone of inhibition is an area of no growth
  around an antibiotic disk.

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Susceptibility Testing

• Agar diffusion
• The larger the zone of inhibition, the more
  effective the antibiotic.