The%20Bloody%20Facts

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The Bloody Facts

• A Presentation All About Blood

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Brief Composition of Blood

• What is blood made up of?
•  
• Adult human has about 46 liters of blood.
• Several types of cells floating in fluid called
  plasma.
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin,
  oxygen-binding protein. Red blood cells transport
  oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the
  body tissues.
• The white blood cells fight infection.
• The platelets help blood to clot.
• The plasma contains salts and various kinds of
  proteins.

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Blood Tissue Slide
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Oxygen Transport
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Four globin chains (two alpha chains and two beta
chains) Each globin chain contains small, heme
group. In center of each heme is an iron (Fe)
atom. Black dots on two beta chains (green and
yellow) show location of the HbS (sickle-cell)
mutation.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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• Hemoglobin Mutants
• Missense, Nonsense, and Frameshift

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Blood Groups, Typing, Transfusions

• Experiments with blood transfusions carried out
  for hundreds of years and many patients died from
  blood poisoning.
• In 1901, Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered
  human blood groups.
• Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an
  immunological reaction occurring when the
  receiver has antibodies against the donor blood
  cells.
• Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine
  blood types and paved the way for blood
  transfusions to be carried out safely.
• For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize
  in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
• Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both
  the AB0 and Rh blood groups.

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Charles Drew

• born on June 3, 1904 in Washington, D.C.
• He wrote a dissertation on "Banked Blood" in
  which he
• described a technique he developed for the
  long-term
• preservation of blood plasma.
• Prior to his discovery, blood could not be stored
  for more than
• two days because of the rapid breakdown of
  red blood cells.
• Drew had discovered that by separating the plasma
  (the liquid part of blood) from the whole blood
  (in which the red blood cells exist) and then
  refrigerating them separately, they could be
  combined up to a week later for a blood
  transfusion.
• He also discovered that while everyone has a
  certain type of blood (A, B, AB, or O) and thus
  are prevented from receiving a full blood
  transfusion from someone with different blood,
  everyone has the same type of plasma.
• Thus, in certain cases where a whole blood
  transfusion is not necessary, it was sufficient
  to give a plasma transfusion which could be
  administered to anyone, regardless of their blood
  type.
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_dre
  w.html

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• Drew became the first African-American to receive
  a Doctor of Medical Science degree from Columbia
  and was now gaining a reputation worldwide.
• As World War II was breaking out in Europe, Drew
  was named the Supervisor of the Blood Transfusion
  Association for New York City and oversaw its
  efforts towards providing plasma to the British
  Blood Bank.
• He was later named a project director for the
  American Red Cross but soon resigned his post
  after the United States War Department issued a
  directive that blood taken from White donors
  should be segregated from that of Black donors.
• Charles Drew died on April 1, 1950 in Burlington
  NC when the automobile he was driving went out of
  control and turned over. Drew suffered extensive
  massive injuries but contrary to popular legend
  was not denied a blood transfusion by an
  all-White hospital - he indeed received a
  transfusion but was beyond the help of the
  experienced physicians attending to him. His
  family later wrote letters to those physicians
  thanking them for the care they provided.
• Over the years, Drew has been considered one of
  the most honored and respected figures in the
  medical field and his development of the blood
  plasma bank has given a second chance of live to
  millions.

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What are Blood Types?

• Differences in human blood due to presence or
  absence of carbohydrate molecules called antigens
  and antibodies on the cells surface.
• Antigens located on surface of RBC and antibodies
  are in blood plasma.
• A and B are co-dominant.
• O blood is recessive to A and B.
• Positive Blood is dominant to Negative.
• Individuals have different types and combinations
  of these molecules which are inherited
• One allele from mother and one from the father
• Located on Chromosome 9

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ABO blood groups

• AB0 blood grouping system
• According to the AB0 blood typing system there
  are four different kinds of blood types A, B, AB
  or 0 (null).  
•  
• Blood group AA antigens and anti-B antibodies
•  
•    
• Blood group BB antigens and anti-A antibodies
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• Blood group ABBoth A and B antigens, neither
  anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
•  
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• Blood group 0Neither A nor B antigens, both
  anti-A and anti-B antibodies
•  

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Rh Factor

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• If people have the antigen they are called Rh.
  Those who haven't are called Rh-.
• A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh
  antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one
  can have A or B antibodies).
• But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh
  antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she
  receives blood from a person with Rh blood,
  whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of
  Rh antibodies.
• A person with Rh blood can receive blood from a
  person with Rh- blood without any problems.
• 85 of all people are Rh
• 15 of all people are Rh-
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•  

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Blood Typing

• Take two drops of blood and treat them with
  antigen reagent.
• Put anti-A antibodies on one drop.
• Put anti-B antibodies on the second drop.
• If first drop agglutinates, then the person has
  the A antigen and likely has A blood
• If it does not then they could have B or O blood.
• If the second drop agglutinates, then the person
  has the B antigen also thus AB blood
• If it did not clot for A and only B then they
  have B blood.
• If neither drop agglutinates, they have no
  antigens and thus O blood.

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Why is agglutination bad?

• What is happening when the blood clumps or
  agglutinates?
• Agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and
  stop the circulation of the blood to various
  parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood
  cells also crack and its contents leak out in the
  body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin
  which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This
  can have fatal consequences for the patient.

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Blood Transfusions

• Blood transfusions who can receive blood
  fromwhom?
•   People with blood group 0 are called "universal
  donors" and people with blood group AB are called
  "universal receivers."
• The transfusion will work if a person who is
  going to receive blood has a blood group that
  doesn't have any antibodies against the donor
  blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to
  receive blood has antibodies matching the donor
  blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the
  donated blood will clump.

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Who can give to whom?
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Blood typing Game

• http//nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landste
  iner/index.html

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Frequencies of Blood Types
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Are all blood types equal?

• Some evidence that blood groups confer protection
  or susceptibility to a wide range of human
  diseases. Groups A and AB are more susceptible to
  smallpox.
• group A is associated with stomach cancer while
  group O has an increased likelihood of developing
  duodenal ulcers and more likely to be killed by
  the plague but resistant to flukes and worms
• Blood group A more adapted to agrarian diet
• Blood group B more adapted to high altitude
  greater fertility in women

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Evolution?

• THE ABO STUDIES of the APESChimpanzees - have
  the blood types A and minimal O, but never B.
• Gorillas - have the blood types B and minimal
  O, but never A.There is NO blood type AB in
  chimps or gorillas.
• But man has both A and B AND blood type AB as
  well as very much O.

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Blood Type Diet?

• Eat Right For Your Type by Peter DAdamo, ND, -
  people with different blood types respond
  differently to specific foods.
• Rooted in evolutionary theory observation -
  different blood types emerged as environmental
  conditions and eating styles changed.
• Between 50,000 BC and 25,000 BC, all humans
  shared Blood Type O. (Skilled hunters who
  thrived on a meat-based diet).
• Type A blood type emerged between 25,000 BC and
  15,000 BC, an adaptation to more agrarian
  lifestyle. Climatic changes in Himalayan
  mountains led to appearance of Type B the
  blending of Type A and Type B blood types in
  modern civilization resulted in appearance of the
  Type AB blood type.
• Dr. DAdamo believes that key to optimal health
  is to eat as our ancestors with the same blood
  type ate. DAdamo recommends that people with
  Type O blood eat diet rich in meat and people
  with Type A blood follow a grain-based, low-fat,
  vegetarian diet.

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Bibliography
http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/
types.cfm
http//www.dadamo.com/
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
http//www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highligh
t.pl?kw fileanswers2Fimmunology2Fans_034.html
http//health.howstuffworks.com/blood.htm
http//anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm
http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyP
ages/B/Blood.html http//www.biology.arizona.edu/
Human_Bio/problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html