???PSI???????????

1
??????
2
??????????????????????,??????????????????????????
?

• ???????????
• ???PSI???????????
• ??????????
• ?????? ?????? http//192.192.169.230/edu_paper/dat
  a_image/g0000148/0n388/19991000/P0000030.PDF
  http//192.192.169.230/edu_paper/data_image/g00003
  58/8n1/20050100/p0000097.pdf

3
??????

• ??
• ???????????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????(??)??????(??) ??????????

4

• The Winnetka Plan, developed in 1919 under the
  leadership of Superintendent Carleton Washburne
  (???)
• 1. ????? ??????????
• 2. ???? ???? (??????) ????
• 3. ???????? (???? worked on several grades at
  once.)

5

• 4. ???????? common essentials(????) and
  creative group activities. (????????)
• ??????????????????? ???????????? ?? spelling,
  reading, writing, and counting.
• ??????????????????????????????
• No student ever "failed" or "skipped a
  grade" in the common essentials.

6

• ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????.
  ?????????????????????. Each student could perform
  as they desired since there were no defined goals
  or tests of mastery.
• 5. ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????
  ????(????)?????????? ???? ?????? (???????????)

7
?????

• Helen Parkhurst ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????(academic subjects) ?????(vocational
  subjects)
• ????????????????????
• ??????????
• House
• Assignment
• Lab

8
House , Assignment , Lab

• ?????????? ??????????????
  ?????????????????????? (????)
• Individual Assignments generally take four to six
  weeks to complete and serve as guides to student
  learning.????????????
• ????????????????????????? ??????????? (?? ??
  ????)

9
??????? ???????(PSI)(1)??????90?????

• ???????????,?????,????????????????????????????????
  ???????,???????????????,???????,?????????????????

10
(2)??????????????????

• ?????,?????????????????????????????????????,??????
  ??????????,???????????? ???????????????

11
(3)???????????

• ???????????????????,??????????????????????????,???
  ?????????,?????????????????????????????(formative
  evaluation)???,?????????????????,??????????????(su
  mmative evaluation)

12
(4)???????????

• ?????????????????????????,??????????????
  ??????????? ?

13
(5)??????????????

• ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ????????????,??????????????????,?????????????,????
  ???????????,???????????????????????????????????,??
  ?????????????????????????,????????,????????????,??
  ?????????????

14
(6)???????????,????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????,?????????

15
???????????

• ??(??) ? ?????????????
• ??????15? ??????????????(??????????)
• ??????? ????????
• ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????
  ????????? ?????????

16
PSI ????

• ?????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????? ?????? ???????? (study guides)
• ?????? ?????? (self paced)
• ?????? ??????
• ?? ??????????
• ??????????????

17

• ?PSI ?????????????????????? ?????????PSI ??????,
  ???PSI???, ??????????????? ?
• ??????,???????????????????????, ????????????????

18
?????????   

• (1)??????????????
• (2)???????????,???????
• (3)????????????????????
• (4)??????,?????????????
• (5)???????????????,?????
• (6)??????????,????????????(???,?84)

19
Carrolls ??????

• In 1963, John Carroll proposed a model to account
  for school learning???????????( school learning
  is a function of time)
• School Learning f (time spent/time needed).

20

• ??????????????????? (slow learner vs. quick
  learner)
• ??(potential ability, capacity for
  anything??)??????(?????) , ?????? (?????)
  ???????, ??????????(learning rate) ??????
  (learning level)??? ?
• ?????????, ???????????????,????????????

21

• ????? time spent/time needed
• (1)time spent ???????,???????
• (2)time needed???????(??)???????????????
• ??????????
• ?????(??)??????
• ????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????

22

• ?????????
• ???????, ???????, ??????????are student
  characteristics.
• ???????,????? are imposed upon the learning
  process by the environment, which includes the
  teacher, the instructional materials, or the
  system.

23

• ???????????????????
• ??????????????
• ??????????????????? ,?????????,????????????,??????
  ??????, ??????????, ????????????? ?

24
????? (PI)

• ????????? ???????????????? ????????-Skinners
  ????
• ??????????????? ????????????(????) ??????????
• ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???
  ??????????
• ???? ???? ????
• ???? ?????? ???? ??????

25
Blooms Mastery learning-?????

• Blooms Mastery learning-???????? ????????????
  ????????????????? ???????? ???????????
• ??????????? ???????
• ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ? ??

26

• Blooms Mastery learning?????
• ????---????????? ???? ??????
• ??????---???????????????(1- 2??)???????
  ????????(???)???? ??????(???????) ????
  ??????????? ????? (80-90)

27
?????? (IPI)

• Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI)
  ??1964???????????????????????????6?????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????
  ????? ???????.

28

• ???????? ?? ?? ??

?? ??
?? ????
?? ?? ??
?????????? (??) ?????????? ????????? ??????
???? ???????????
29

• ????
• ?????(??????????)
• ?????
• ????????????
• ????
• ??

30
??????

• ??????????
• ???? ???????? ??????????????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????? ???????? ?????????
• ???????? ????(????)????

31

• ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????????
  ??????????
• Wang (1992) ??????? ?????????????? (???? ??
  ????) ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????
  ????? ?????????????????(???????)

32

• ????????
• http//www.tsjh.tpc.edu.tw/news2004/Soft_Show.asp?
  SoftID101
• http//acbe.tku.edu.tw/iccai8/35/35.htm
• ???????
• ?????????
• ???????????
• ????????
• ?????????
• ???

33

• ? ---(before)1950 ----1980 (after)--?
• ????????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ? ??????
• ???? ???????????? ??????????????????????
  ???????????

34

• ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????
  ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ?? ???????
  ??????????????? ????????????????
  ????????????????????

35

• ???? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????