Today

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Today

• Especially vulnerable populations
• Children
• 4 faces of hunger
• Starvation/Famine
• Malnutrition/Undernutrition
• Micro-nutrient deficiencies
• Nutrition-depleting illnesses
• Time trajectories of hunger
• Geographies of hunger

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Especially vulnerable populations I

• Increased likelihood of malnutrition and more
  serious consequences
• Women in general due to cultural traditions that
  privilege food to males
• Pregnant women
• Poor nutrition low birth weight babies
• Developmental problems for baby physically and
  mentally
• Reduced resistance to diseases
• Less able to breast feed ( less resistance
  for the baby as well)

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Especially vulnerable populations II

• Lactating women
• Poor nutrition seldom greatly interferes with
  ability to produce milk
• But, poor nutrition does deplete the mother's
  body of necessary nutrients
• If nutrition is not better between end of
  lactation and next pregnancy spiral down to
  chronic anemia etc.
• Elderly
• Ability to fend off infections is reduced with
  great age and malnutrition hurts that as well

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Especially vulnerable populations III

• Children
• Malnutrition in infants and children very
  problematic if timing coincides with critical
  growth processes
• Up to age 5 risk is greatest
• Especially at weaning age (approx 2 yrs)
• Due to impure water used to make weaning foods
  (not sufficiently boiled due to lack of fuel) and
  general low hygiene gt
• Kids die from diarrheal diseases and dehydration
  and malnutrition
• Weaning foods are typically not nutrient-rich
  enough (e.g., maize gruels)

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Four Faces of Hunger I

• I. Starvation/Famine
• Widespread to complete lack of protein/calorie
  nutrition
• A small percentage of global hunger perhaps 1
  at risk annually
• Leads to increased mortality (usually to
  infectious diseases not starvation per se)
• Great social disruption gt increased problems
  with diseases and access to food
• In any famine not all starve the well off can
  buy food -- thus NOT usually only a simple
  shortage

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Four Faces of Hunger II

• II. Malnutrition/Undernutrition
• Seasonal or periodic P/C under-nutrition
• Most serious effects on kids and special needs
  adults (pregnant and lactating women, the
  elderly)
• measures of malnutrition in children
• Stunting - stature too short for age/sex
  (adjusted for local norms) gt chronic
• Wasting weight too light for age/sex (adjusted
  for local norms) gt acute

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Four Faces of Hunger III

• III. Micro-nutrient deficiencies
• Vitamin and mineral shortages
• Sometimes called hidden hunger
• IV. Nutrition-depleting illnesses
• Secondary malnutrition
• Most common nutrient depleting diseases are
  infant/weanling diarrheas 5 million deaths
  annually world wide

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Global Hunger

• Global situation late 1990s
• Data drawn from FAOs SOFA report 2007
• http//www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1200e/a1200e00.htm
• The International Food Policy Research Institute
• http//www.ifpri.org/media/20071012GHI.asp
• The concept of food security

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Global Trajectories of Hunger I

• Proportions undernourished (or food insecure)
• Late 1970s 28
• Late 1990s 17
• Thus, some real progress
• Millennium Development Goals and not met
• Micro-nutrient deficiencies
• Iron 40 of global south
• Iodine 12 of global south
• Vitamin A 14 of kids in global south

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Global Trajectories of Hunger II

• Absolute numbers undernourished (or food
  insecure)
• 1970s 900m 2000 gt 800 m
• gt decrease of 100m in absolute numbers (but
  smaller )
• Children 1993 200 m now 175 m
• World food summit target (MDG) in 2015 gt 400m
• Current trajectory gt 475-500m by 2015
• Progress in some places, regression in others

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Regional differences malnourished or food insecure

• Global South (i.e., the global poor)
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• E. Asia, SE Asia, Pacific
• South Asia
• Latin America Caribbean
• Near East N. Africa
• Developed Economies (mostly N America)

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Source FAO
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Source FAO
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Number of malnourished children, 1993, 2010, and
2020 Source IFPRI IMPACT simulations.
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Source FAO SOFA 2007
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Source IFPRI Global Hunger Index 2007
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Source FAO SOFA 2007
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Countries with food shortfalls requiring
assistance