Science

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Science Technology

• General key concepts and misconceptions

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What is Science and What do Scientists do?

• 1. Science emphasizes logic over creativity,
  imagination, and intuition?
• 2. Science establishes absolute truth or proof
  about nature?
• 3. Science has a method a how to scheme for
  learning about nature?

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What is Science and What do Scientists do?

• Science is?
• an assumption that there is discoverable order in
  nature.
• Then use that knowledge to make predictions about
  what will happen in nature.

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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• What is a hypothesis?
• Its a tentative explanation, often based on an
  educated guess or past experience, for the
  observed event or relation.
• Well ok, but then whats the difference between
  a hypothesis and a prediction then?

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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• A hypothesis just states that a relationship
  exists, a prediction further describes the nature
  of the relationship and how it will go.
• Examples
• Concerning the mysterious question in life of why
  bread always seems to land jelly side down and
  what factors play a role in that one could come
  up with the following hypothesis and prediction.

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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• The mass of the jelly on a given piece of toast
  will effect the way in which it will land, either
  jelly side up or jelly side down.
• Compare that to..

• As the mass of jelly increases on a given piece
  of toast the frequency of jelly side down
  occurrences will increase.
• Which is a hypothesis and which is a prediction
  and why?

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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• A theory
• is an idea, principle, or model that usually ties
  together and explains many facts that previously
  appeared to be unrelated and is supported by a
  great deal of evidence.
• Ex. Evolution.

Archaeopteryx
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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• A law
• is a description of what we find happening in
  nature over and over again with little know
  exceptions.
• Ex. 2 law of thermodynamics or entropy

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What are some of the misconceptions and terms?

• What is the difference between accuracy and
  Precision?
• Accuracy is correct measurements.
• Precision is reproducibility

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How Do Scientists Learn about Nature?

• The cookbook method or scientific method?
• observe, hypothesis, experiment, analyze,
  conclude.
• However there is no real method instead real
  science tries to answer these ?s
• What is the question?
• What are the relevant facts and data already
  known?

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How Do Scientists Learn about Nature?

• What new data should be collected and how should
  this be done?
• How can a hypothesis be invented that explains
  the data and predicts new facts? Is this the
  simplest and only reasonable hypothesis?
• What new experiments can be done to test the
  hypothesis, so to become a possible theory.

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Parts of a good experiment!

• What are variables or factors?
• Something that my influence your experiment.
• Independent and dependent variables?
• In what you change, dep what you measure.
• Ex. In my experiment concerning why Jellied
  bread falls JSD give me examples of what would be
  your indep and dep variables would be.

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Parts of a good experiment!

• A Controlled experiment contains at least two
  groups to test the effects of a particular
  factor.
• The groups are the experimental group in which
  the variable is changed in a known way and a
  controlled group in which the variable does not
  change.
• What are double blind experiments and placebos.

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The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Methods of Scientists
Test 1. Select a Sample. 2. Determine how the
variables will be controlled measured. 3.
Conduct the experiment observe. 4. Record the
results.

• Question
• Decide what you want to know.
• Do Research.
• Design a test Identify define the variables.
• State a hypothesis make a prediction.

• Analyze
• Organize the data using graphs, tables and
  charts.
• Look for trends in the data.
• Compare the data with the hypothesis the
  prediction.

• Conclude
• Look at the data and form conclusions.
• Re-evaluate the hypothesis
• Formulate new questions

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Safety in the Science Classroom
Methods of Scientists
Important Safety Rules Important Safety Rules
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Check safety symbols
Dont inhale or taste
Know fire safety rules
Safety goggles aprons
Report spill, accident or injury
Slant test tubes away
Fix hair loose clothing
Dispose of materials as directed
No eating drinking
Wash hands with soap
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Communicating Results
Communicating in Science

• One important goal of science is to make results
  available to others.

• Communicating scientific data and results allows
• others to learn of new discoveries
• to possibly verify or argue what has been
  reported
• to conduct new experiments using the information.

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Communicating Results
Communicating in Science

• Graphs

• A line graph is a visual display that shows how
  two variables are related.

y axis

• The independent variable is plotted on the
  horizontal (x) axis.

• The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical
  (y) axis.

x axis
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Models
Communicating in Science

• A scientific model is an idea, a system, or a
  mathematical expression that is similar to the
  idea being explained.

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Science Ethics and Technology

• Can Scientists prove anything?
• No, but probability
• Are Scientists always objective?
• No, they are people too and have motivations.
• What is technology?
• Involves developing devices, processes, and
  products designed to control the natural world.

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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science

• 4 Major Areas of Earth Science
• Astronomy
• Meteorology
• Geology
• Oceanography

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Earth Science
1. Astronomy

• Study of objects beyond Earths atmosphere.

• Astronomers study the universe and everything in
  it.

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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science

• 2. Meteorology

• Studies the atmosphere that surrounds Earth.

• Meteorologists study forces and processes that
  change the atmosphere.
• Predict weather and how it might affect Earths
  climate.

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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science

• 3. Geology

• Study of the materials that make up Earth
• Studies processes that form and change these
  materials.

• Some things Geologists do
• identify rocks
• study glacial movements
• interpret clues to Earths 4.6 billion-year
  history
• determine how forces change our planet

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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science

• 4. Oceanography

• Study of Earths oceans
• Earth is nearly 3/4 covered by water

• Oceanographers study
• creatures that inhabit salty water
• measure different physical and chemical
  properties of the oceans
• study processes in these bodies of water.

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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science
Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science
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The Scope of Earth Science
Earth Science
Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science