Lesson%207%20Universal%20Design

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Lesson 7Universal Design

• By Juthawut Chantharamalee
• Computer Science Suan Dusit University

4124404 Human and Computer Interaction
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Overview

• Universal design is about designing systems so
  they can be used by anyone in any circumstance.
• Multi-modal systems use more than one human input
  channel.
• Speech non-speech sound
• touch
• handwriting
• gestures
• Universal design means designing for diversity
• people with sensory, physical or cognitive
  impairment
• people of different ages
• people from different cultures or backgrounds

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Universal Design

• Practical?
• May not be able to design everything to be
  accessible to everyone so they have the same
  experience, but we try to provide equivalent
  experience.
• Does not have to be complex or costly
• Many examples take into account diversity
• lowered curb with different texture at
  intersections
• help people in wheelchairs, blind
• mothers pushing carriages, people lugging
  suitcases ...

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Seven Universal Design Principles

• 1. Equitable use - if identical use is not
  possible.
• safety, security and privacy should be available
  to all.
• 2. Flexibility in use
• provide choice of methods adapt to users pace
• 3. Simplicity and intuitiveness of use
• support users expectations
• accommodate different languages and literacy
  skills
• provide prompting and feedback

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Seven Universal Design Principles

• 4. Perceptible information
• redundancy of information use different
  forms/modes
• emphasize essential information.
• 5. Tolerance for error
• minimize impact caused by mistakes
• remove potentially dangerous situations or hard
  to reach
• hazards should be shielded by warnings.

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Seven Universal Design Principles

• 6. Low physical effort
• comfort minimize fatigue and effort
• repetitive or sustained actions should be avoided
• 7. Size and space for approach and use
• placement of system should be reachable by all
  users
• consider line of sight for standing and sitting
  user
• allow for variation in hand size
• provide room for assistive devices
• Principles 6 and 7 apply less to software

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Multi-modal Interaction

• Provides access to information through more than
  one mode of interaction
• Sight is predominant and most interactive systems
  use visual channel as primary presentation
• graphics
• text,
• video
• animation

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Multi-modal interaction

• Sound important
• keeps us aware of surroundings
• provides clues and cues to switch our attention
• music - also auditory
• convey and alter moods
• conjure up visual images
• evoke atmospheres
• Touch
• tactile feedback to operate tools
• hold and move tools, instruments, pens

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Multi-modal interaction

• Taste and smell
• less appreciated
• check food if bad, detect early signs of fire,

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Multi-modal interaction

• Human-human everyday interaction multi-modal
• Each sense provides different information to make
  whole
• Want Human-computer interaction to be multi-modal
• visual channel can get overloaded
• provide richer interaction
• provide redundancy for an equivalent experience
  to all

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Sound in the interface

• Contributes to usability
• Audio confirmation
• changes in key clicks
• error occurrences
• Provide information when visual attention
  elsewhere
• or environment has visual limitations
• Dual presentation through sound and vision
  supports universal design
• enables access to visual and hearing impaired
• Two kinds speech and nonspeech

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Sound in the interface Speech

• Language complex
• structure
• pronunciation
• phonemes - atomic elements of speech (40 in
  English)
• prosody - alteration in tone and quality
• co-articulation - phonemes sound different next
  to others
• allophones - differences in sound in phonemes
• morphemes - smallest unit of language that has
  meaning
• grammar

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Sound in the interface Speech

• Speech recognition
• Useful when hands are occupied
• Alternative means of input for users with visual,
  physical and cognitive impairment
• single-user systems require training
• barriers
• background noise
• redundant and meaningless noise (uh)
• variations between individuals and regional
  accents
• Examples
• speech-based word processors
• telephone -based systems
• interactive systems that give feedback

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Sound in the interface Speech

• Speech Synthesis
• Complementary to speech recognition
• Problems
• monotonic - doesnt sound natural
• canned messages - not too bad, prosody can be
  hand coded
• spoken output cannot be reviewed or browsed
  easily
• intrusive (more noise or equipment)
• Application areas
• blind or partially sighted
• accessible output medium (screen readers)
• assist those with disabilities affecting their
  speech
• predefined messages can be stored

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Sound in the interface Speech

• Un-interpreted speech
• Speech does not have to recognized by computer to
  be useful
• Examples
• Fixed pre-recorded messages
• human prosody and pronunciation
• quality is low
• example announcements in airport
• Voice mail
• Audio annotations
• Can be digitally sped up without changing pitch

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Sound in the interface Non-speech sound

• Assimilated quickly
• Learned regardless of language
• Require less attention
• Uses
• indications of changes or errors in interactive
  system
• provide status changes
• sound representation of actions and objects
• provide confirmation
• give redundant information
• Two Kinds - auditory icons and earcons

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Sound in the interface Non-speech sound

• Auditory icons
• Use natural sounds to represent types of objects
  and actions
• Example Macs SonicFinder
• crumpling paper when putting file in wastebasket
• Problem Some objects or actions dont have a
  natural sound

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Sound in the interface Non-speech sound

• Earcons
• use structure- combinations of notes (motives) to
  represent actions and objects
• vary according to rhythm, pitch, timbre, scale
  and volume
• hierarchically structured
• compound earcons - combine motives
• create and file
• family earcons - error family
• makes learning easier
• even lack of musical ability has little effect on
  ability to remember earcons

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Touch in the interface

• Touch both sends and receives information
• Touch in the interface is haptic interaction
• Two areas
• cutaneous - tactile sensations through skin
• vibrations against skin temperature, texture
• kinesthetics - perception of movement and
  position
• resistance or force feedback
• Entertainment or training
• Tactile devices
• electronic braille display
• force feedback devices in VR equipment

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Handwriting Recognition

• Handwriting provides textural and graphical input
• Technology for recognition
• digitizing tablet
• sampling problems
• electronic paper - thin screen on top
• Recognizing handwriting
• variation among individuals (even day-to-day)
• co-articulation - letters are different next to
  others
• cursive more difficult

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Gesture recognition

• Subject in multi-modal systems recently
• Involves controlling computer with movements
• Put that there
• Good situations
• no possibility for typing (VR)
• supports people with hearing loss (sign language
• Technology expensive
• computer vision
• data glove (intrusive)

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Gesture recognition

• Problems
• Gestures user dependent
• variation
• co-articulation
• segmenting gestures difficult

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Designing for Diversity

• Interfaces usually designed for average user
• Universal design indicate we take into account
  many factors (focus on 3)
• disability
• age
• culture

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Designing for users with disabilities

• 10 population has disability that will affect
  interaction with computers
• Moral and legal responsibility to provide
  accessible products
• Look at following kinds of impairments
• sensory
• physical
• cognitive

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Visual impairment

• Screen readers using synthesized speech or
  braille output devices can provide complete
  access to text-based interactive applications.
• Ironically rise in use of graphical interfaces
  reduces possibilities for visually impaired
  users.
• To extend access use
• sound
• touch

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Visual impairment

• Sound
• speech
• earcons and auditory icons to graphical objects
• Example 1 Outspoken
• Macintosh application
• uses synthetic speech to make other Mac
  applications available to visually impaired users

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Visual impairment Example 2

• Soundtrack (wordprocessor)
• tones help users move navigate around system
• clicking on a cell on screen, make its speak its
  name
• double-clicking on cell, causes submenu to appear
  which can be navigated with tones
• text entry by speaking words or characters
• Specialized software, could not augment other
  commercially available software

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Visual impairment Example 3

• Mathematics for Blind
• Solve 3(x - 2) 4 7 - 2(3 - x)
• Do it in your head or on paper?
• Blind children have to do it their heads
• Mathtalk - system developed in Europe
• uses speech synthesis to speak formulae
• keyboard input to navigate and manipulate them

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Visual impairment Example 3

• Say 3x 4 7.
• Say 3 (x 4) 7 without saying parentheses.

3 x
7 4
3
7 x 4
pitch
pitch
time
time
Several cues longer and shorter gaps between
terms, and prosody rising and falling pitch
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Visual impairment Example 3

• Reading equations usually includes regressions
  eyes move backwards and forwards through text
• Also first glance at equation to see symbols
  (graphical)
• Mathtalk supports rapid keyboard-based navigation
  within each equation and algebra earcons
• Mathtalk uses keyboard input and speech output.
• Speech input is slow and error-prone
• braille output could be used, but small number
  read braille

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Visual impairment

• More recent is use of touch in the interface
• Tactile interaction
• electronic braille displays
• force feedback devices
• elements in interface can be touched
• edges, textures and behavior (pushing a button)
• requires specialist software
• more likely major applications will become
  haptic enabled in future

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Hearing impairment

• Hearing impairment may appear to have little
  impact on use of an interface (or a graphical
  interface)
• To an extent true (but increase in multi-media
  applications)

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Hearing impairment

• Computer technology can enhance communication
  opportunities for people with hearing loss
• email and instant messaging
• gesture recognition to translate signing or
  speech
• caption audio content
• Also enhances experiences of all users - good
  universal design

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Physical impairment

• Users with physical disabilities vary in amount
  of control and movement they have in hands
• Precise mouse control may be difficult
• Speech input and output is an option (if they can
  speak without difficulty)

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Physical impairment

• Alternatives
• eyegaze system - tracks eye movements to control
  cursor
• keyboard driver - attaches to users head
• gesture and movement tracking
• predictive systems (Reactive keyboard) can
  anticipate commands within context

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Speech impairment

• Multimedia systems provide a number of tools for
  communication
• text-based communication and conferencing systems
  (slow)
• synthetic speech
• can be pre-programmed
• predictive algorithms
• anticipate words and fill them in
• conventions can help provide context
• smiley face ) for a joke

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Dyslexia

• Textual information is difficult for dyslexic
  users
• More severe forms
• idiosyncratic word construction methods
• spell phonetically
• Speech input and output devices can alleviate
  need to read and write
• Less severe forms
• spell correction facilities
• Consistent navigation structure and clear sign
  posting cues are important
• Use color coding and graphical information

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Autism

• Affects persons ability to communicate and
  interact with people and make sense of
  environment
• Triad of impairments
• Social interaction - relating to others and
  responding appropriately to social situation
• Communication - problems in understanding verbal
  and textual language (including gestures and
  expressions)
• Imagination - rigidity of thought processes

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Autism

• Universal design can assist in two main areas
• Communication
• computers are motivating (consistent and
  impersonal)
• problems with language may be aided by graphical
  representations of information
• Education
• enables autistic person to experience (VR and
  games) social situations and learn appropriate
  responses
• provides a secure and consistent environment
  where they are in control

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Designing for different age groups

• Older people and children have specific needs
  when it comes to interactive technology
• Older people
• proportion growing
• have more leisure time and disposable income
• no evidence they are averse to new technologies

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Designing for different age groups Older people

• Requirements
• proportion of disabilities increases with age
• over 50 over age 65 have one
• failing vision, hearing, speech, mobility
• age-related memory loss
• some older users lack familiarity and fear
  learning
• New tools
• email and instant message provide social
  interaction in cases of mobility or speech
  difficulties
• mobile technologies provide memory aids

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Designing for different age groups Older people

• Manuals and terminology difficult, so use
  redundancy and support user of access
• Designs must be clear and simple and forgiving of
  mistakes
• Sympathetic and relevant training

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Designing for different age groups Children

• Children have specific needs and they are diverse
• different ages
• have own goals and likes and dislikes
• Involve children in design of interactive design
  (intergenerational design teams)
• May not have developed hand-eye coordination and
  makes keyboards difficult
• pen-based interfaces
• multiple modes of input involving touch and
  handwriting
• redundant displays

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Designing for cultural differences

• National
• Age
• Gender
• Race
• Sexuality
• Class
• Religion
• Political Persuasion
• All influence individuals response to a system,
  but may not be relevant in design of a given
  system

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Designing for cultural differences

• Key factors to consider
• language
• cultural symbols
• gestures
• use of color

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Designing for cultural differences

• Language
• Toolkits for designing systems provide language
  resource databases to translate menu items, text,
  error messages, etc.
• Layouts for languages that dont read the same
  are a problem
• left to right vs top to bottom
• Symbols have different meaning
• ticks and crosses - interchangeable in some
  cultures
• rainbow - covenant with God, diversity, hope and
  peace

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Designing for cultural differences

• Use of gestures
• common in video and animation
• more common in virtual reality and avatars in
  games
• Color
• red for danger
• red represents life (India), happiness (China)
  and royalty (France)
• difficult to assume universal interpretation of
  color
• support and clarify color with redundancy

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• Q A
• End Lesson 7