1999 Rangeland Grasshopper Outbreak Forecast

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INSECTICIDE UPDATE 2006 Alex Latchininsky and
Scott Schell UW Extension Entomologists
WY Commercial Pesticide Applicator Recertification
School, Casper, 1/18/06
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Disclaimer

• Trade or brand names used in this presentation
  are used only for the purpose of educational
  information.
• No product endorsement is implied.

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Safety First!
Always wear protective gear when applying
pesticides
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• Insecticide Product Labels
• Learn to read the small print.
• Look for the ACTIVE INGREDIENT,
• NOT the brand name.
• One and the same active ingredient can be
  commercialized under multiple brand names.
• Insecticide label is THE LAW, always follow its
  instructions.

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Bye-bye, good old OPs
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Organophosphate insecticides are being phased
out Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Sales stopped in
December 2001 Diazinon Completely withdrawn
from stores in December 2004 Malathion Under
re-registration Orthene (Acephate) limited
availability
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Organophosphates
Insecticides of this chemical class were
developed in the 1940s-50s from German nerve
gases. Broad-spectrum poisons that inhibit
cholinesterase. Hazardous for many groups of
non-target organisms (honey bees, birds,
fish) Some, like ethyl parathion, are very
hazardous to mammals.
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Diazinon
Diazinon was introduced in 1952. Cheap, can use
it on almost everything for anything. Along
with related OP insecticides it was produced and
sold by the millions of pounds per year in US.
A lot of sources of exposure for people.
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Diazinon failed to comply with FQPA
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires
re-registration of all pesticides Human
Exposure, via dietary and non-dietary sources are
included in a risk cup The cup holds the
total amount (100) of a given pesticide that a
person could be exposed to every day, for 70
years, without additional health risks.
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Most Common Diazinon Replacements
Synthetic Pyrethroids Allethrin (1st
generation 1949s) Resmethrin (2nd generation
1960s) Permethrin (3rd generation
1970s) Esfenvalerate (3rd generation) Deltamethrin
(4th generation 1980s) Cyfluthrin (Newest 4th
generation - 1998)
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Synthetic Pyrethroids
Chemical analogs of the toxic substance present
in the Pyrethrum plant (Aster family). Fast
knock-down, low persistence (4-7d on
foliage). Fast break-down in soil and
water. Broad-spectrum (Na channel blockers in
CNS). Generally, less hazardous for
mammals. Still highly hazardous for honey bees.
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Organophosphates vs. Pyrethroids non-target
hazards
Mammals Honey Bees Birds
Fish Organophosphates Diazinon H VH VH H
Chlorpyrifos H VH VH VH Methyl
Parathion VH VH VH VH Malathion L VH H M Orth
ene M VH M L Pyrethroids Permethrin L VH
L VH Esfenvalerate H H L VH Cyfluthrin L H L
H Resmethrin M H L H
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Is Sevin (Carbaryl) a good Diazinon replacement?
Many carbaryl products are available for insect
control Sevin Lawn granules Sevin Dust
(Eliminator) Sevin Bug Killer Sevin Ant
Bait Sevin XLR Plus Same mode of action as OP.
Re-registration changes? Non-target hazards
Mammals Honey Bees Birds Fish Diazinon
H VH VH H Carbaryl M/H VH
M L
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Insect pest control products for the 21st century
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BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDESWHAT ARE THEY?

• No single, clear definition. EPA identifies
  biorational pesticides as having fundamentally
  different modes of action and lower risks of
  adverse effects than conventional (i.e.
  neurotoxin) pesticides.

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Types of Biorational Pesticides

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
• Juvenile Hormone Analogs
• Precocenes
• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
• Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but
  effects non-target arthropods and insects.
• Only immature pests are killed. IGR can also
  effect arthropod eggs and embryogenesis.

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Diflubenzuron (Dimilin 2L)
Benzoyl-Urea IGR (chitin synthesis inhibitor)
PROS Safety (bees, people, etc.) Residual
(strips) Reliable results Temperature
range CONS Timing!!! (IGR nymphs) Less
familiar (since 97) High cost/unit Harm
to aquatic invertebrates R.U.P.
230
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Unsuccessful molt after Dimilin application
Insects are killed when they grow to a next
developmental stage
Normal molt
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TIMING is critical when applying Dimilin
V
not recommended
ineffective
IV
III
recommended
II
I
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Pyriproxyfen (Knack) sub-lethal effects
Treated Untreated
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Other Types of Biorational Pesticides

• Botanicals
• Natural toxicants like nicotine
• Neem (azadirachtin is less toxic but still useful
  in greenhouses, UV light breaks it down)

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Other Types of Biorational Pesticides

• Bacterial Fermentation Products
• Spinosad
• (has certified organic formulations)
• Avermectin

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SPINOSAD
Spinosad a toxin mixture produced from
fermentation of a soil bacterium,
Saccharopolyspora spinosa Disrupts binding of
acetylcholine receptors Brand names
Ferti-lome Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer Tent
Caterpillar Spray Intruder Success Rapid
contact and ingestion activity
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Other Types of Biorational Pesticides

• Microbials
• Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)
• Fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria
  bassiana)
• Viruses
• Nematodes
• Genetically modified plants (produce Bt toxins)
• High selectivity
• Low toxicity for non-target animals
• Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have
  failed commercially

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Fungal pathogens
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White Satin Moth in Wyoming
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Damage
Pupa
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Biological control with Bt
Pros Safe for humans and non-target organisms
selective repeated applications possible Cons
May be slow Needs UV protection One week
persistence Limited shelf-life May cause
resistance if applied frequently PRODUCT Foray
48B flowable concentrate (Valent
BioSciences) Dose rate 16-43 oz./acre Can be
mixed with chemical insecticides
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Other Types of Biorational Pesticides

• Neonicotinoids - related to nicotine and acts on
  the acetylcholine receptors
• Imidacloprid most used worldwide
• Clothinidin
• Thiamethoxam
• Acetamiprid
• Dinotefuran armored scales Safari

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Systemics for control of insect pests of trees
and shrubs
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IMIDACLOPRID
Trade names Confidor Merit Admire Gaucho Marathon
Premier Premise Provado Grub-ex Imicide Bayer
Advanced Garden Tree and Shrub Insect Control
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IMIDACLOPRID

• Is it safe for non-target organisms?
• Moderate to low mammalian toxicity
• Toxic to game birds
• But birds learn to avoid it may be used as
  bird repellent seed treatment
• Moderately toxic to fish
• Highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates
• Highly toxic to honey bees if used as a foliar
  spray not a hazard if used as a seed treatment

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IMIDACLOPRID
Very effective against pests with
piercing-sucking mouthparts (aphids, soft scales,
etc.) Easy to use mix with water and pour at
tree base Dose rate 1 oz/inch of tree
circumference or 3 oz/ft of shrub height Timing
apply in the fall for a year-long control
32 oz. - 18-32
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IMIDACLOPRID

• Problems
• May be phytotoxic do not overdose!
• May NOT work against armored scale insects or
  mites
• Another neonicotinoid product - Safari - works!
• Documented cases of resistance (Colorado potato
  beetle, whiteflies in greenhouses)
• Mobile in soil potential water contaminant
• Extreme care is needed to protect honey bees

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Other new products?
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FIPRONIL
Combat (cockroach and ant control) Regent
(agricultural pests) Frontline (pet
pests) Blocks GABA chloride channel in the
insect CNS Both contact and stomach action, long
residual Very effective at extremely low dose
rates insect trophic transfer very low
mammalian toxicity
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Keeping up with changes

• Crop Data Management Systems, Inc.
• (they cover turf and ornamental products also)
• www.cdms.net
• Greenbook
• www.greenbook.net
• Also make sure your state approves of the
  federal label use (FIPRA). Some state labels are
  more strict than the federal

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Quiz
This guy is a Wyoming certified commercial
pesticide applicator a. True b. False
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Questions? Contact Alex Latchininsky or Scott
Schell Phone [phone] or 766-2508 Email
latchini_at_uwyo.edu or sschell_at_uwyo.edu