LIFE%20AT%20THE%20TURN%20OF%20THE%2020TH%20CENTURY

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LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY

• THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA

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Warm-up

• Skim through pages 298-302, what are the
  technological advances shown in the photos?
• Which of these advances do you think had the
  greatest impact on life at the turn of the
  century? Why?
• What are some changes that could be made in
  modern American cities to make them more livable?

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SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE

• By the turn of the 20th century, four out of ten
  Americans lived in cities
• In response to urbanization, technological
  advances began to meet communication,
  transportation, and space demands

Artist Annie Bandez
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SKYSCRAPERS

• Skyscrapers emerged after two critical
  inventions elevators steel skeletons that bear
  weight
• Famous examples include Daniel Burnhams
  Flatiron Building in NYC, Louis Sullivans
  Wainwright Building in St. Louis
• The skyscraper was Americas greatest
  contribution to architecture
• solved the issue of how to best use limited and
  expensive space

Flatiron Building - 1902
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• Flatiron and Wainwright Buildings Turn to page
  299.
• What urban improvements are visible in the
  picture?
• Why do you think the flatiron building has a
  triangular shape?

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ELECTRIC TRANSIT

• Changes in transportation allowed cities to
  spread outward
• By the turn of the century, intricate networks of
  electric streetcars also called trolley cars
  ran from outlying neighborhoods to downtown
  offices stores
• Richmond Virginia, first city to electrify its
  transit
• People no longer have to walk to destination

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ELS AND SUBWAYS

• Congestion leads to modifications
• A few large cities moved their streetcars far
  above street level, creating elevated or el
  trains
• Other cities built subways by moving their rail
  lines underground
• Leads to annexation and growth of large cities

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BRIDGES PARKS

• Steel-cable suspension bridges, like the Brooklyn
  Bridge, also brought cities sections closer
• John Roebling wanted to provide recreational
  opportunities on bridge
• Some urban planners sought to include landscaped
  areas parks
• Frederick Law Olmsted was instrumental in drawing
  up plans for Central park, NYC

Central Park is an oasis among Manhattans
skyscrapers
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Quick read page 300 Garden City

• Why might nature and wildlife be important to
  city life?
• Can you identify a city or town that displays
  aspects of Howards plan?

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CITY PLANNING CHICAGO

• Daniel Burnham oversaw the transformation of
  Chicagos lakefront from swampy wasteland to
  elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan
• Today Chicagos lakefront is one of the most
  beautiful shorelines in North America

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NEW TECHNOLOGIES

• New developments in communication brought the
  nation closer
• Advances in printing, aviation, and photography
  helped speed the transfer of information
• Key Ideas
• Airplanes revolutionize communications as well as
  transportation
• Advances in paper and printing spur the
  publication of newspapers, books, and magazines,
  while better photography enhances journalism

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A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING

• By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly
  90
• American mills began to produce huge quantities
  of cheap paper from wood pulp
• Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both
  sides of paper at the same time, invented by
  William Bullock
• Faster production and lower costs made newspapers
  and magazines more affordable (most papers sold
  for 1 cent)
• Ottomar Mergenthaler invents the Linotype Machine
• Speeding up typesetting

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AIRPLANES

• In the early 20th century, brothers Orville and
  Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and
  aircrafts
• They commissioned a four-cylinder internal
  combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a
  biplane
• On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12
  seconds covering 120 feet
• Within two years the brothers were making 30
  minute flights
• By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights
  regularly

Actual photo of Wright Brothers first flight
12/17/03
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PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION

• Before 1880, photography was a professional
  activity
• Subjects could not move and the film had to be
  developed immediately
• George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment
  and more versatile film
• In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera
• The 25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film
  

1888 Kodak
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Turn to page 302

• Read the Key Player section on George Eastman
• Why do you think Eastmans slogan and other sales
  methods were so effective with consumers?

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Key Ideas section 1

• Technology helps cities grow both upward and
  outward
• The growth of cities prompts the new science of
  urban planning
• Airplanes revolutionize communications as well as
  transportation
• Advances in paper and printing spur the
  publication of newspapers, books, magazines,
  while better photography greatly enhances
  journalism

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Final Thought for 8.1

• Turn-of-the-century technological advances
  spurred the growth of Americas cities and
  improved both transportation and communications.

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Start-up 8.2

• Open your book to page 304
• What two trends does the graph show?
• What generalization can you make about education
  or illiteracy between 1870 and 1920?
• How might an educational system help a nation
  meet its social needs?

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SECTION 2 EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION

• Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws
  requiring 12 to 16 weeks of annual education for
  students ages 8-14,
• However, the curriculum was poor and the teachers
  were usually not qualified
• However, the number of kindergartens expanded
  from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900

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HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOARS

• High schools expanded their curriculum to include
  science, civics and social studies
• By 1900 500,000 teen-agers were enrolled in high
  schools

Elroy High School Photo 1906
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RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

• African Americans were mostly excluded from
  secondary education
• In 1890 less than 1 attended high school
• By 1910 that figured had reached only 3

African American school in the south about 1920
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Key Ideas

• States try to improve and expand education to
  produce good citizens and skilled workers
• High schools emerge as industrial work demands
  more educated workers
• Discriminatory educational policy deny most
  African Americans equal education opportunities.

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EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS

• Unlike African Americans, immigrants were
  encouraged to go to school
• Most immigrants sent their children to public
  schools
• Also, thousands of adult immigrants attended
  night schools to learn English
• Turn to page 304 answer skill builder question
  with a partner

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Key Ideas

• Public Schools and employers attempt to
  Americanize immigrants
• Some immigrants resist the pressure to abandon
  their native cultures.
• Catholic Schools start to emerge

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EXPANDING HIGHER ED

• In 1900, less than 3 of Americas youth attended
  college
• Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments more
  than quadrupled
• Professional schools were established for law and
  medicine

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Key Ideas

• Higher education greatly expands at the turn of
  the century, drawing students from mainly upper
  and middle class backgrounds
• The college curriculum changes to suit the new
  technological age

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Question

• How can the United States solve the issue of
  inequality between the races, using education as
  a tool? Meaning what would be the best way to
  help breakdown the wall of racism and inequality?

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AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES

• After the Civil War, thousands of African
  Americans pursued higher education despite being
  excluded from white institutions
• African Americans founded Howard, Fisk, and
  Tuskegee Universities (founded by Booker T.
  Washington)
• W.E.B. Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which
  sought liberal arts educations for all blacks
• Proposes the Talented 10th
• 1900 out of 9.2million, only 3880 graduated
  from college.
• 1910 5 of whites in college, less than 1/3 of
  1 of African Americans
• Booker T Washington believed racism would end
  opens Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.
• Trains mainly teachers and trades.

W.E.B. Dubois
http//www.biography.com/people/web-du-bois-927992
4
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Booker T. Washington

• No race can prosper till it learns that there is
  as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing
  a poem

http//www.biography.com/people/booker-t-washingto
n-9524663
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Key Idea

• African Americans establish colleges of their own
  to overcome their exclusion from most white
  schools.

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PROMOTING FINE ARTS

• By 1900, free circulating Public libraries
  numbered in the thousands
• By 1900, most major cities had art galleries
• In the early 20th century, the Ashcan School of
  American Art painted urban life mainly focused
  on urban poverty and the working class
• Robert Henri main artist
• Art Galleries and librarires called Poor Mans
  University

Thomas Eakins was one of the main artists of the
time. He embraced realism an artistic school
that aimed at portraying real life even in its
grittier forms
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POPULAR FICTION

• Dime novels were popular inexpensive
• Demand increases as literacy rates rise.
• Most of these focused on adventure tales and
  heroes of the west
• Some readers preferred a more realistic portrayal
  from authors Mark Twain, Jack London, and Willa
  Cather

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Key Ideas

• The expansion of education broadens Americans
  cultural horizons, with art galleries, libraries,
  and museums making culture available to more
  people
• Many turn- of-the-century artists and writers
  embrace social realism, attempting to portray
  life as it is really lived.
• Increased literacy boosts sales of dime novels
  and other light fiction.

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Closing Thought

• Education, which expanded to train the work force
  and teach good American citizenship, also led to
  new cultural achievements.

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Warm-up

• Turn to page 311 and read the Historical
  Spotlight section
• How did Washington believe equality should be
  gained?
• How did DuBoiss view differ from Washingtons?
• Have you ever been unfairly discriminated against?

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SECTION 3 SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

• By the turn of the 20th century, Southern States
  had adopted a broad system of legal
  discrimination
• Southern Whites regain power after reconstruction
  
• African Americans had to deal with voting
  restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court
  set-backs, and physical violence

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WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?

• Is the treatment or consideration of, or making a
  distinction in favor of or against, a person or
  thing based on the group, class, or category to
  which that person or thing belongs rather than on
  individual merit
• Discrimination involves
• Beliefs "This group of people is inferior
  because"
• Emotions "I hate this group of people."
• Actions "I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill
  members of this group."

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VOTING RESTRICTIONS

• All Southern states imposed new voting
  restrictions and denied legal equality to African
  Americans
• Literacy test
• Poll tax
• Grandfather clause
• January 1. 1867
• Supreme Court no action
• United States v Reese 1867

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JIM CROW LAWS

• Southern states passed segregation laws to
  separate white and black people in public and
  private facilities
• These laws came to be known as Jim Crow Laws,
  named after an old minstrel song
• Racial segregation was put into effect in
  schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation
  systems throughout the South

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Minstrel show ads, New York, 1847 and 1848. The
minstrel show was a unique American art form that
flourished in the North in the 1830s and 1840s.
The content was racist and featured actors in
blackface spoofing darkies.
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Jim Crow Lincoln set the Negro free Why is he
still in slavery? Why is he still in slavery?
It's JIM CROW This is a land we call our
own,Why does the Negro ride alone? Why does the
Negro ride alone? It's JIM CROW When it's time
to go to the poll Why does the Negro stay at
home? Why does the Negro stay at home? It's JIM
CROW Freedom for all, it is said Free to
suffer 'til he's dead Free to suffer 'til he's
dead And JIM CROW If we believe in liberty
Lets put an end to slavery Lets put an end to
slavery And JIM CROW 1942 protest song
The name Jim Crow was first used in 1832 for an
exaggerated black character in a minstrel show.
It quickly caught on as an offensive racial
slur. By the end of the 19th century, it had
taken on a different meaning, and was used to
describe the segregationist regimen that had
spread throughout the South.
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Black Codes Jim Crow laws
Southern states passed racist laws designed to
undermine African Americans new legal rights.
Many former Confederate officials were elected to
state government positions, where they passed a
series of laws known as the Black Codes. These
laws created the foundation for the legal
segregation of public facilities and the
treatment of African Americans as second-class
citizens throughout the South.
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• EXAMPLES OF JIM CROW LAWS
• Lunch Counters No persons, firms, or
  corporations, who or which furnish meals to
  passengers at station restaurants or station
  eating houses, in times limited by common
  carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said
  meals to white and colored passengers in the same
  room, or at the same table, or at the same
  counter. South Carolina
• Textbooks Books shall not be interchangeable
  between the white and colored schools, but shall
  continue to be used by the race first using them.
  North Carolina
• Prisons The warden shall see that the white
  convicts shall have separate apartments for both
  eating and sleeping from the Negro convicts.
  Mississippi
• Parks It shall be unlawful for colored people to
  frequent any park owned or maintained by the city
  for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white
  persons...and unlawful for any white person to
  frequent any park owned or maintained by the city
  for the use and benefit of colored persons.
  Georgia
• Burial The officer in charge shall not bury, or
  allow to be buried, any colored persons upon
  ground set apart or used for the burial of white
  persons. Georgia
• Nurses No person or corporation shall require any
  white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in
  hospitals, either public or private, in which
  Negro men are placed. Alabama
• Intermarriage All marriages of white persons with
  Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya
  hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are
  and shall be illegal and void. Wyoming

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Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
The Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated
facilities did not violate the equal protection
clause of the 14th Amendment. In 1890, Louisiana
passed a statute providing "that all railway
companies carrying passengers in their coaches in
this state shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for the white and colored
races..." The penalty for sitting in the wrong
compartment was either a fine of 25 or 20 days
in jail. Homer Plessy, a 30-year old shoemaker,
was jailed for sitting in the white" car of the
East Louisiana Railroad in an intentional protest
of the law. Plessy was 7/8 white and 1/8 black.
The Louisiana law still considered him black, and
therefore required him to sit in the "colored"
car.
Plessy went to court and argued that the Separate
Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the Constitution.
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PLESSY v. FERGUSON

• Eventually a legal case reached the U.S. Supreme
  Court to test the constitutionality of
  segregation
• 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court
  ruled that the segregation of races was legal and
  did not violate the 14th Amendment
• Establishes the doctrine of separate but equal

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Key Ideas

• White southerners institute voting restrictions
  and segregation laws, reducing African Americans
  to second-class citizens
• In Plessy v. Fergusson in 1896, the Supreme Court
  made separate but equal the law of the land.
  In practice the separation was enforced, but the
  equality was not.

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Question

• How would you have reacted to the Jim Crow laws?
• How could these laws have been fought?

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RACE RELATIONS - 1900

• African Americans faced legal discrimination as
  well as informal rules and customs
• Racial etiquette
• Meant to humiliate these rules included whites
  never shaking the hand of an African America,
  they had to yield the sidewalk to whites, blacks
  also had to remove their hats in the presence of
  whites

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VIOLENCE

• African Americans who did not follow the racial
  etiquette could face severe punishment or death
• Between 1882-1900, more than 2,500 black men and
  women were shot, burned, or lynched
• Lynching peaked in the 1880s and 90s but
  continued well into the 20th century
• Ida B. Wells was a crusader for equal rights and
  to stop this form of violence.

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MAJOR AREAS OF LYNCHING
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DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH

• While most African Americans lived in the
  segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the
  North in hopes of better jobs equality
• However, the North had its own brand of racism as
  blacks got low paying jobs and lived in
  segregated neighborhoods
• New York riot 1900 example of growing tension

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Key Ideas

• African Americans face segregation and
  discrimination everywhere, especially in the
  south
• In the struggle for equality, Booker T Washington
  urges a gradual approach, while W.E.B. Du Bois
  demands full equality immediately
• Crusaders like Ida Wells fight against the
  violence that confronts African Americans accused
  of violating the racial etiquette.

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DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST

• Discrimination in the west was most often
  directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants
• Mexicans were often forced in Debt Peonage a
  system of forced labor due to debt
• Asians were increasingly excluded from mainstream
  society
• Exclusion Act of 1882

Anti-Asian Cartoon
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Key Ideas

• In the West, nonwhite immigrants such as the
  Mexican s and Chinese fall victim to
  discrimination
• Mexican workers are sometimes forced into debt
  peonage, or involuntary servitude, until the
  Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in
  1911
• Prejudice against the Chinese is so great that
  Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act

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Closing thought

• African Americans faced legal segregation in the
  South and de facto segregation in the North,
  while Mexican Americans and Chinese Americans,
  mostly in the West, also faced severe
  discrimination.

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SECTION 4 DAWN OF A MASS CULTURE

• Many middle class Americans fought off city
  congestion and dull industrial work by enjoying
  amusement parks, bicycling, tennis and spectator
  sports
• American leisure was developing into a
  multi-million dollar industry

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AMUSEMENT PARKS

• To meet the recreational needs of city dwellers,
  Chicago, NYC and other cities began setting aside
  land for parks
• Amusement parks were constructed on the outskirts
  of cities
• These parks had picnic grounds and a variety of
  rides

Coney Island was Americas most famous amusement
park in the late 19th century
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BICYCLING TENNIS

• After the introduction of the safety bike in
  1885, Americans increasingly enjoyed biking
• By 1890, 312 companies made over 10,000,000 bikes
• Tennis also was very popular in the late 19th
  century

On the right is the safety bike much easier
and safer to ride
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SPECTATOR SPORTS

• Americans not only participated in new sports,
  but became avid fans of spectator sports
• Baseball and boxing became profitable businesses
• Mark Twain called baseball, the very symbol of
  the booming 19th century

1897 Baseball team picture Kansas State University
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NEWSPAPERS

• Mass-production printing techniques led to the
  publication of millions of books, magazines, and
  newspapers
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were
  two leading publishers whose competition led to
  more and more sensational newspaper reporting

Hearst (above) and Pulitzer initiated what was
known as Yellow Journalism
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Characteristics of Yellow Journalism included
huge, sensational, exaggerated headlines
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Some contend that Hearst and Pulitzers Yellow
Journalism was responsible for the
Spanish-American War in 1898
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GROWING CONSUMERISM

• The turn of the century witnessed the beginnings
  of the shopping center, department and chain
  stores, and the birth of modern advertising

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THE DEPARTMENT STORE

• Marshall Field of Chicago brought the first
  department store to America
• Fields motto was Give the lady what she wants
• Field also pioneered the bargain basement
  concept

Marshall Fields has been around for almost 150
years
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CHAIN STORES

• In the 1870s, F.W. Woolworth found that if he
  offered an item at a low price, the consumer
  would purchase it on the spur of the moment
• By 1911, the Woolworth chain had 596 stores and
  sold 1,000,000 per week

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ADVERTISING

• Expenditures for advertising was under 10
  million a year in 1865, but increased to 95
  million by 1900
• Ads appeared in newspapers, magazines and on
  billboards

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CATALOGS AND RFD

• Montgomery Ward and Sears were two pioneers in
  catalog sales
• By 1910, 10 million Americans shopped by mail
• In 1896 the Post Office introduced a rural free
  delivery (RFD) system that brought packages
  directly to every home