The 1920s (

1
The 1920s (Jazz Age, Roaring 20s) and The
Great Depression

• McFarland

2
I. Life in the 1920s

• Changing Role of Women
• 19th Amendment (1920) granted women suffrage
  (right to vote)
• New jobs opened up during WWI and the women
  didnt want to give their jobs up when the men
  came back home somore women began to go to
  college

3
I. Life in the 1920s

• Jeanette Rankin first woman elected to Congress
  (1916) served throughout the 1920s
• Flappers modern women of the 1920s young,
  rebellious, fun-loving, and bold short hair,
  short dresses (to the knees), more makeup (esp.
  lipstick) attitudes changes ex began to
  smoke and drink in public

4
(No Transcript)
5
I. Life in the 1920s

• Prohibition Era (1919-1933)
• 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the making,
  selling, or transportation of alcohol
• Volstead Act law passed by Congress to enforce
  prohibition ignored by most of the cities on
  the east coast

6
(No Transcript)
7
I. Life in the 1920s

• Success of prohibition
• -consumption of alcohol decreased
• -arrest for drunkenness decreased
• Why did Prohibition eventually fail?
• Not enforced some police depts. were corrupt,
  just didnt care, or were scared of the gangsters
• Most people didnt take prohibition seriously
  drank anyway

8
I. Life in the 1920s

• The crime wave that began made most people think
  that the amendment should be repealed
• -organized crime got involved in bootlegging
  (the illegal selling of alcohol)
• -the most famous gangster of the 1920s was Al
  Capone from Chicago

9
I. Life in the 1920s

• Al Capone nicknamed Scarface
• -had a talent for avoiding jail by buying off
  policemen, city officials, and politicians
• -made up to 60 million a year from bootlegging
• -convicted of tax evasion in 1931 and sent to
  prison
• -released in 1939 after becoming ill with
  syphilis died in 1947

10
(No Transcript)
11
I. Life in the 1920s

• 21st Amendment (1933) repealed the 18th Amend.
  and allowed local communities to decide whether
  or not to legalize alcohol
• Slang Words from prohibition era
• -bathtub gin
• -moonshine (made at night)
• -white lightning
• -speakeasy secret club or bar usually in a
  basement needed a password to get in

12
(No Transcript)
13
I. Life in the 1920s

• Entertainment in the 1920s
• Shorter working hours and higher wages gave
  Americans more spare time and more money for
  entertainment
• 1) Radio first radio station in Pittsburgh, PA
  in Nov. 1920 only news at first baseball and
  music broadcasted later

14
I. Life in the 1920s

• Moving Picture Shows (movies) all movies were
  silent films at first (had music but no talking)
• -Charlie Chaplin was the most famous silent film
  star
• -first talking movie was The Jazz Singer
  (1927) staring Al Jolston
• -famous movie stars of the 20s
• -Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, Mary
• Pickford, Lillian Gish, Charlie Chaplin

15
(No Transcript)
16
I. Life in the 1920s

• 3) Sports the 1920s is often called the
  Golden Age of Sports radio made sports more
  popular baseball became Americas Favorite
  Pastime famous athletes included

17
I. Life in the 1920s

• Babe Ruth nicknamed The Sultan of Swat or
  The Great Bambino
• -most famous baseball player of the 20s
• -played most of his career with the NY Yankees
• -hit 60 homeruns in 1927 (remained a record
  until 1961)
• -hit 714 career homeruns (remained a record
  nearly 40 years)

18
(No Transcript)
19
I. Life in the 1920s

• Harold Red Grange famous football player
• -nicknamed The Galloping Ghost
• -played for Illinois Univ. and Chicago Bears
• -made Pro football very popular

20
(No Transcript)
21
I. Life in the 1920s

• Jack Dempsey famous heavyweight boxer
• -over 100,000 attended his 2nd match with Gene
  Tunney, which Dempsey lost

22
I. Life in the 1920s

• Man o War famous race horse
• -named horse of the century
• -lost only 1 time in 21 races
• -the horse that beat him was named
• Upset

23
(No Transcript)
24
I. Life in the 1920s

• Gertrude Ederle 1st woman to swim across the 35
  mile wide English Channel
• -her time beat the mens record by nearly 2 hours

25
I. Life in the 1920s

• Music / Dance the radio made music more popular
  
• -Jazz was the most popular music of the 20s
  started in New Orleans
• -Louis Armstrong was the most popular jazz
  musician of the 20s
• -George Gershwin was a popular composer wrote
  Rhapsody in Blue
• -popular dances included Charleston, Fox-trot,
  and Tango

26
(No Transcript)
27
I. Life in the 1920s

• Literature famous authors included
• -F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
• -Sinclair Lewis Main Street
• -Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms

28
I. Life in the 1920s

• Transportation
• Henry Ford made the 20s happen
• -responsible for changing the automobile industry
  by using the assembly line each worker had a
  specific job
• -1920 8 million cars on the road
• -1929 23 million
• -developed the Model T car (every one was exactly
  the same

29
I. Life in the 1920s

• -before the assembly line it took approx. 12 hrs
  to build a car
• -after assembly line it took approx. 28 minutes
  to build a car

30
(No Transcript)
31
I. Life in the 1920s

• Charles Lindbergh nicknamed Lucky Lindy or
  the Lone Eagle
• -the first to fly solo, non-stop across the
  Atlantic
• -flew from NYC to Paris May 20th and 21st of 1927
• -no parachute, no radio, no heat, no sleep
• -name of the airplane was Spirit of St. Louis
• -son was kidnapped and killed in the early 1930s
  (great mystery)

32
(No Transcript)
33
I. Life in the 1920s

• Amelia Earhart the 1st woman to fly across the
  Atlantic without stopping (1932) disappeared
  while trying to fly around the world

34
I. Life in the 1920s

• Return of the Ku Klux Klan
• From the Greek word kyklos which means circle
• Revived in the 1920s
• Membership
• -1916- 100,000 -1924- 2 million
• -1928- 4 million -today- approx. 6,000
• Attacked African Am.s, Jews, Catholics, and
  immigrants

35
I. Life in the 1920s

• Scopes / Monkey Trial
• The state of TN passed a law in 1925 that made it
  illegal to teach evolution (Charles Darwin
  theory) in public schools
• John Scopes, a teacher from Dayton, TN, was
  chosen by the ACLU to challenge the law

36
I. Life in the 1920s

• He was arrested and charged defense attorney
  was Clarence Darrow
• William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor
• The judge refused to allow scientists to testify
  for the defense since they were not around
  during creation
• Scopes was found guilty and fined 100, however
  the law was later changed

37
(No Transcript)
38
I. Life in the 1920s

• The Red Scare
• The fear of radicals (esp. communists and
  socialists)
• Causes
• 1) the communist revolution in Russia (1917)
  scared many Americans If it can happen there,
  it can happen here.
• 2) terroristic violence in the U.S. mail
  bombs were sent to local, state, and national
  leaders

39
I. Life in the 1920s

• Because of the Red Scare and the power of the
  KKK, limits were placed on immigration
• Sacco and Vanzetti Case two Italian immigrants,
  who were anarchists, were accused of killing 2
  men during a robbery in MA convicted without a
  fair trial both were executed in 1927

40
(No Transcript)
41
I. Life in the 1920s

• Republican Presidents
• Warren G. Harding won the election of 1920 by
  promising a return to normalcy - remembered for
  scandals
• -his advisors, called the Ohio Gang, were
  corrupt (sold govt offices, took bribes, etc.)
• -died in 1923

42
I. Life in the 1920s

• Calvin Coolidge became Pres. after the death of
  Harding
• -nicknamed Silent Cal because he was a very
  quite man
• -also won the election of 1924

43
I. Life in the 1920s

• Herbert Hoover won the election of 1928 because
  people were pleased with the economy and didnt
  want a lot of change
• -promised a chicken in every pot, and a car in
  every garage
• -also said, I have no fears for the future of
  our country, it is bright with hope.

44
II. The Great Depression

• Hidden Causes
• Unequal distribution of wealth
• -people were very rich or very poor
• -20 of the nation lived in poverty (late 1920s)

45
II. The Great Depression

• Installment buying
• -the buyer pays a certain amount down, and then
  pays the rest in installments (payments) with
  interest -easy credit
• -some people created huge debts

46
II. The Great Depression

• Bank failures
• -banks were poorly managed
• -people lost money (sometimes their life
  savings) when their bank closed
• -7,000 banks closed in the 1920s

47
(No Transcript)
48
II. The Great Depression

• Increase in unemployment
• -new factory machinery required fewer workers
• High tariffs (tax on imports) on foreign goods
• -decreased competition, which increased prices
  of certain goods

49
II. The Great Depression

• Huge farm surpluses
• -led to a drop in farm prices
• -many farmers lost their farms because no one
  needed their food

50
II. The Great Depression

• Immediate Cause the Stock Market Crash
• Prices of stock rose throughout the 20s
• By Sept. 1929, the Dow Jones average reached 381
• -Dow Jones the price of stocks from 30 of the
  largest companies in the U.S.

51
II. The Great Depression

• Thursday, October 24, 1929 some stockholders
  began to pull out of the market afraid of a
  crash
• Tuesday, October 29, 1929
• -Black Tuesday -the day the stock market
  crashed
• -investors panicked and started selling before
  their stock became worthless
• -Dow Jones fell to 261 (41 in 1932)
• -between 6 and 9 billion was lost

52
(No Transcript)
53
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• Children were forced to work
• Many people became homeless
• -many of the homeless lived in small villages
  made of cardboard boxes and crates nicknamed
  hoovervilles (named after Pres. Hoover who was
  blamed for the Depression)

54
(No Transcript)
55
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• Some men and families became hobos rode the
  rails looking for work and food
• Many farmers had more food than they could sell
• -people didnt have the money to buy it
• -some food was destroyed in an effort to
  decrease the supply so prices could increase

56
(No Transcript)
57
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• Droughts occurred on the Great Plains
• -this region became known as the Dust Bowl
  because it was so dry
• -many moved west to CA looking for work because
  the dust storms destroyed their crops
• -these people were often called okies because
  most were from OK

58
(No Transcript)
59
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• The Grapes of Wrath (1939) novel written by
  John Steinbeck about one familys struggle in
  moving to CA
• Pres. Hoover wasnt willing to spend enough money
  to provide relief to the people

60
(No Transcript)
61
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• Bonus Army March
• -in 1924 Congress approved a bonus payment to
  all who served during WWI
• -the money was to be paid in 1945
• -June 1932- 20,000 veterans marched into Wash.
  D.C., set up camps, and said they wouldnt leave
  until they received their bonus

62
III. Daily Life during the Depression

• -Hoover ordered the police to remove the
  protesters
• -2 veterans were killed made Hoover look bad

63
(No Transcript)
64
IV. Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Defeated Hoover in the election of 1932
• Cousin of Teddy Roosevelt
• Became ill with polio in 1921 forced him to use
  a wheelchair
• 1st Pres. to use the radio regularly Fireside
  Chats explained his plans and programs to the
  people

65
(No Transcript)
66
IV. Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Handled the press well ex pictures not taken
  of him in his wheelchair (did not want to appear
  weak)
• Famous quote All we have to fear, is fear
  itself.
• The Brain Trust was a group of advisors that
  helped him attorneys, economists, political
  scientists, etc.

67
IV. Franklin D. Roosevelt

• His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was his most
  important advisor
• -FDR said she was his eyes and ears outside
  the White House
• -she could travel and meet with people he
  couldnt because of his disability

68
(No Transcript)
69
IV. Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Bank Holiday 1st action as Pres.
• -closed every bank in U.S. for 4 days
• -sent people out to determine which ones were
  strong and those were re-opened
• -almost all were re-opened
• -trying to restore confidence in banks people
  began to put their money back in

70
V. New Deal Programs

• The New Deal was FDRs response to the Great
  Depression
• Created new agencies to help the people
• -nicknamed alphabet soup because of all the
  abbreviations that were used
• From 1933 to early 1935, the dominating goals of
  FDR were
• reform relief recovery

71
V. New Deal Programs

• This phase was called the First New Deal
• -tried to get the economy moving again and give
  help to those in need

72
V. New Deal Programs

• First New Deal Programs
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)
• -1933
• -insured bank deposits up to 5,000
• -prevented people from losing their money when
  their bank closed
• -reform

73
V. New Deal Programs

• 2) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933
• -built dams, power plants
• -provided cheap electricity, recreation, and
  encouraged businesses to come to the region
• -employed up to 40,000 workers
• -relief

74
(No Transcript)
75
V. New Deal Programs

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 1933
• -offered outdoor work to unemployed single men
• -recruited young men (18-25) from the cities
• -set up camps - planted trees, fought forest
  fires, built dams, etc. (environmental work)
• -relief

76
(No Transcript)
77
V. New Deal Programs

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) 1933
• -paid farmers not to produce certain crops
  (cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn, etc.)
• -trying to eliminate the surplus which would
  increase prices of goods
• -relief for farmers

78
V. New Deal Programs

• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) -1933
• -controlled business practices
• -set minimum wage levels (usually .30 to .40
  cents an hour depending on job)
• -shortened workers hours to create new jobs
• -created the National Recovery Adm. (NRA) to
  enforce these new codes
• -relief

79
V. New Deal Programs

• Second New Deal
• Works Progress Adm. (WPA) 1935
• -employed writers, teachers, librarians, actors,
  musicians, and artists
• -also expanded the number of workers in existing
  organizations (ex CCC)
• -created 100,000s of jobs - relief

80
V. New Deal Programs

• Social Security Act (SSA) 1935
• -required a social security tax to be taken out
  of every workers paycheck
• -gave money to those who were disabled or to old
  to work
• -relief

81
VI. Impact of the New Deal

• Increased the power of the Pres.
• Conservation gains dams built, trees planted,
  etc.
• Created new federal social programs social
  security, welfare
• Deficit spending the govt spends more money
  than it brings in from taxes